ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Sanmartin C, Trapido H, Barreto P, Lesmes CI, 1971. Isolations of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20: 469–473.
-
2.
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II. Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui, and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 483–491.
-
3.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
5.
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
6.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Sprenger TR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
7.
Elvinger F, Liggett AD, Tang KN, Harrison LR, Cole JR Jr, Baldwin CA, Nessmith WB, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205: 1014–1016.
-
8.
Farrar MD, Miller DL, Baldwin CA, Stiver SL, Hall CL, 2005. Eastern equine encephalitis in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 17: 614–617.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html. Accessed May 10, 2010.
-
10.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
11.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN, 2008. Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 291–296.
-
12.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68: 158–169.
-
13.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182: 774–784.
-
14.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 454–460.
-
15.
Librado P, Rozas J, 2009. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25: 1451–1452.
-
16.
Swofford DL, 1998. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (v 4.0). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
-
17.
Guindon S, Gascuel O, 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52: 696–704.
-
18.
Posada D, 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1253–1256.
-
19.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755.
-
20.
Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
-
21.
Graham SP, Hassan HK, Burkett-Cadena ND, Guyer C, Unnasch TR, 2009. Nestedness of ectoparasite-vertebrate host networks. PLoS ONE 4: e7873.
-
22.
Jacob BG, Burkett-Cadena ND, Luvall JC, Parcak SH, McClure CJ, Estep LK, Hill GE, Cupp EW, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, 2010. Developing GIS-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in Tuskegee, Alabama. Int J Health Geogr 9: 12.
-
23.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC, 2010. Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol 84: 1014–1025.
-
24.
Weaver SC, Brault AC, Kang W, Holland JJ, 1999. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J Virol 73: 4316–4326.
-
25.
Weaver SC, 2006. Evolutionary influences in arboviral disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 299: 285–314.
-
26.
Miralles R, Gerrish PJ, Moya A, Elena SF, 1999. Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses. Science 285: 1745–1747.
-
27.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 595–606.
-
28.
Grenfell BT, Pybus OG, Gog JR, Wood JL, Daly JM, Mumford JA, Holmes EC, 2004. Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens. Science 303: 327–332.
-
29.
Blackmore CG, Stark LM, Jeter WC, Oliveri RL, Brooks RG, Conti LA, Wiersma ST, 2003. Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 141–150.
-
30.
Ottendorfer CL, Ambrose JH, White GS, Unnasch TR, Stark LM, 2009. Isolation of genotype V St. Louis encephalitis virus in Florida. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 604–606.
-
31.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 151 | 127 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 351 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 8 | 1 |
Phylogenetic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolates from Florida
Gregory S. White
Gregory S. White
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Brett E. Pickett
Brett E. Pickett
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Elliot J. Lefkowitz
Elliot J. Lefkowitz
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Amelia G. Johnson
Amelia G. Johnson
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Christy Ottendorfer
Christy Ottendorfer
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Lillian M. Stark
Lillian M. Stark
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, Florida
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Florida has the highest degree of endemicity for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) of any state in the United States and is the only state with year-round transmission of EEEV. To further understand the viral population dynamics in Florida, the genome sequence of six EEEV isolates from central Florida were determined. These data were used to identify the most polymorphic regions of the EEEV genome from viruses isolated in Florida. The sequence of these polymorphic regions was then determined for 18 additional Florida isolates collected in four geographically distinct regions over a 20-year period. Phylogenetic analyses of these data suggested a rough temporal association of the Florida isolates, but no clustering by region or by source of the isolate. Some clustering of northeastern isolates with Florida isolates was seen, providing support for the hypothesis that Florida serves as a reservoir for the periodic introduction of EEEV into the northeastern United States.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Project # R01AI049724) to Thomas R. Unnasch.
Authors' addresses: Gregory S. White, Indio, CA, E-mail: gwhite@cvmvcd.org. Brett E. Pickett, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, E-mail: bpickett@uab.edu. Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, E-mail: elliotl@uab.edu. Amelia G. Johnson and Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mails: ajohnso3@health.usf.edu and tunnasch@health.usf.edu. Christy Ottendorfer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: cottendorfer@gmail.com. Lillian M. Stark, Tampa, FL, E-mail: lillian_stark@doh.state.fl.us.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Sanmartin C, Trapido H, Barreto P, Lesmes CI, 1971. Isolations of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20: 469–473.
-
2.
Walder R, Suarez OM, Calisher CH, 1984. Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973–1981. II. Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui, and Moju viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 483–491.
-
3.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
5.
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
6.
Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Cupp MS, Guyer C, Sprenger TR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 272–276.
-
7.
Elvinger F, Liggett AD, Tang KN, Harrison LR, Cole JR Jr, Baldwin CA, Nessmith WB, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205: 1014–1016.
-
8.
Farrar MD, Miller DL, Baldwin CA, Stiver SL, Hall CL, 2005. Eastern equine encephalitis in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 17: 614–617.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html. Accessed May 10, 2010.
-
10.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
11.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN, 2008. Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 291–296.
-
12.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68: 158–169.
-
13.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182: 774–784.
-
14.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 454–460.
-
15.
Librado P, Rozas J, 2009. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25: 1451–1452.
-
16.
Swofford DL, 1998. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (v 4.0). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
-
17.
Guindon S, Gascuel O, 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52: 696–704.
-
18.
Posada D, 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1253–1256.
-
19.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755.
-
20.
Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
-
21.
Graham SP, Hassan HK, Burkett-Cadena ND, Guyer C, Unnasch TR, 2009. Nestedness of ectoparasite-vertebrate host networks. PLoS ONE 4: e7873.
-
22.
Jacob BG, Burkett-Cadena ND, Luvall JC, Parcak SH, McClure CJ, Estep LK, Hill GE, Cupp EW, Novak RJ, Unnasch TR, 2010. Developing GIS-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in Tuskegee, Alabama. Int J Health Geogr 9: 12.
-
23.
Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC, 2010. Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol 84: 1014–1025.
-
24.
Weaver SC, Brault AC, Kang W, Holland JJ, 1999. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J Virol 73: 4316–4326.
-
25.
Weaver SC, 2006. Evolutionary influences in arboviral disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 299: 285–314.
-
26.
Miralles R, Gerrish PJ, Moya A, Elena SF, 1999. Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses. Science 285: 1745–1747.
-
27.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13: 595–606.
-
28.
Grenfell BT, Pybus OG, Gog JR, Wood JL, Daly JM, Mumford JA, Holmes EC, 2004. Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens. Science 303: 327–332.
-
29.
Blackmore CG, Stark LM, Jeter WC, Oliveri RL, Brooks RG, Conti LA, Wiersma ST, 2003. Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 141–150.
-
30.
Ottendorfer CL, Ambrose JH, White GS, Unnasch TR, Stark LM, 2009. Isolation of genotype V St. Louis encephalitis virus in Florida. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 604–606.
-
31.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 151 | 127 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 351 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 8 | 1 |