ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Markoff L, 2007. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1153–1252.
-
2.
Hashimoto H, Nomoto A, Watanabe K, Mori T, Takezawa T, Aizawa C, Takegami T, Hiramatsu K, 1988. Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Japanese encephalitis virus Beijing-1 strain. Virus Genes 1: 305–317.
-
3.
Sumiyoshi H, Mori C, Fuke I, Morita K, Kuhara S, Kondou J, Kikuchi Y, Nagamatu H, Igarashi A, 1987. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus genome RNA. Virology 161: 497–510.
-
4.
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian subcontinent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 242–251.
-
5.
Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DW, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett AD, 2003. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J Virol 77: 3091–3098.
-
6.
Burke DS, Leake CJ, 1988. Japanese encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 63–92.
-
7.
Igarashi A, 1992. Japanese encephalitis virus, infection, and control. Kurstak E, ed. Control of Virus Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 309–342.
-
8.
Ogata T, 1985. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Japan [in Japanese]. Rinsho To Uirusu 13: 150–155.
-
9.
Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, 2008. Japanese encephalitis. Annual Report 2006 National Epidemiological Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Disease [in Japanese]. Tokyo: National Institute of Infectious Disease, 74–96.
-
10.
Watanabe M, Hasegawa S, Obara M, Ando S, Yamauchi T & Takizawa T 2011. Long-term analyses of the population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis, and serological survey of Japanese encephalitis virus among swine in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, from 1969 to 2003. Toyama, Japan: Skarafactory Ltd.
-
11.
Kamimura K, 1998. Studies on the population dynamics of the principal vector mosquito of Japanese encephalitis [in Japanese]. Med Entomol Zool 49: 181–185.
-
12.
Nerome R, Tajima S, Takasaki T, Yoshida T, Kotaki A, Lim CK, Ito M, Sugiyama A, Yamauchi A, Yano T, Kameyama T, Morishita I, Kuwayama M, Ogawa T, Sahara K, Ikegaya A, Kanda M, Hosoya Y, Itokazu K, Onishi H, Chiya S, Yoshida Y, Tabei Y, Katsuki K, Tabata K, Harada S, Kurane I, 2007. Molecular epidemiological analyses of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from swine in Japan from 2002 to 2004. J Gen Virol 88: 2762–2768.
-
13.
Nabeshima T, Loan HT, Inoue S, Sumiyoshi M, Haruta Y, Nga PT, Huoung VT, Del Carmen Parquet M, Hasebe F, Morita K, 2009. Evidence of frequent introductions of Japanese encephalitis virus from south-east Asia and continental east Asia to Japan. J Gen Virol 90: 827–832.
-
14.
Ma SP, Yoshida Y, Makino Y, Tadano M, Ono T, Ogawa M, 2003. Short report: a major genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus currently circulating in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 151–154.
-
15.
Jan LR, Yueh YY, Wu YC, Horng CB, Wang GR, 2000. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 446–452.
-
16.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA3: Integrated Software for Molecular Evolutionary Analysis and Sequence Alignment. Brief Bioinform 5: 150–163.
-
17.
Kimura M, 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16: 111–120.
-
18.
Katori K, Matsuura K, Nakayama T, Imai S, Kamimura K, 1975. Epidemiological surveillance of Japanese encephalitis in Toyama prefecture for 10 years (2nd report) [in Japanese]. Toyama-ken Noson Igaku Kenkyukai 6: 55–61.
-
19.
Takegami T, Ishak H, Miyamoto C, Shirai Y, Kamimura K, 2000. Isolation and molecular comparison of Japanese encephalitis virus in Ishikawa, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 53: 178–179.
-
20.
Takashima I, Watanabe T, Ouchi N, Hashimoto N, 1988. Ecological studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Hokkaido: interepidemic outbreaks of swine abortion and evidence for the virus to overwinter locally. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 420–427.
-
21.
Doi R, Oya A, Shirasaka A, Yabe S, Sasa M, 1983. Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. II. Role of lizards on hibernation of Japanese encephalitis virus. Jpn J Exp Med 53: 125–134.
-
22.
Rosen L, 1986. The natural history of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Microbiol 40: 395–414.
-
23.
Horimoto M, Sakai T, Goto H, 1987. Changes in antibody titers in cattle with Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Indian J Med Res 86: 695–701.
-
24.
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rao BU, George S, Mishra AC, Prasanna Y, Gopalkrishna S, Pavri KM, 1988. Absence of viraemia in cattle after experimental infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82: 628–631.
-
25.
Hayashi K, Shichijo A, Mifune K, Matsuo S, Wada Y, Mogi M, Itoh T, 1973. Ecological studies on Japanese encephalitis virus: results of investigations in Nagasaki area, Japan, in 1969, 1970 and 1971. Tropical Medicine 15: 214–224.
-
26.
Fukumi H, Hayashi K, Mifune K, Shichijo A, Matsuo S, Omori N, Wada Y, Oda T, Mogi M, Mori A, 1976. Ecology of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan: I. Mosquito and pig infection with the virus in relation to human incidences. Tropical Medicine 17: 97–110.
-
27.
Nakamura H, Yoshida M, Kimura A, Yumisashi T, Kimura T, Ueba N, Kunita N, 2002. Ecological studies on Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Osaka Prefecture 6. Surveillance of JE virus activity and the vector mosquito abundance during the years 1968–1997. Med Entomol Zool 53: 29–42.
-
28.
Shichijo A, Mifune K, Hayashi K, Wada Y, Oda T, Omori N, 1972. Experimental infection of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus mosquitoes reared in biotron with Japanese encephalitis virus [in Japanese]. Tropical Medicine 14: 218–229.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 296 | 263 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 368 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 12 | 1 |
Continuity and Change of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Mayumi Obara
Mayumi Obara
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Takeo Yamauchi
Takeo Yamauchi
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Mamoru Watanabe
Mamoru Watanabe
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Sumiyo Hasegawa
Sumiyo Hasegawa
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yasufumi Ueda
Yasufumi Ueda
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kentaro Matsuno
Kentaro Matsuno
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Masae Iwai
Masae Iwai
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Eiji Horimoto
Eiji Horimoto
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Takeshi Kurata
Takeshi Kurata
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Takenori Takizawa
Takenori Takizawa
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Hiroaki Kariwa
Hiroaki Kariwa
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Ikuo Takashima
Ikuo Takashima
Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, Toyama, Japan; Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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To determine the mechanisms of maintenance and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in a temperate zone, we attempted to isolate JEV from mosquitoes and pigs in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. A total of 87 JEVs were isolated from female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and pigs during 2005–2009. The prevalence of JEV in Toyama Prefecture was seasonally late in comparison with that of the virus during 1966–1972. Furthermore, JEVs were isolated after the peak in the number of female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Among JEV strains isolated in this study, two distinct groups were observed within genotype I of the phylogeny generated from nucleotide sequence information derived from the envelope and capsid/premembrane genes: strains belonging to the major type were isolated during 2005–2009, and strains from the minor type were isolated only in 2007. The major type has exhibited gradual change in its envelope and capsid/premembrane genes, and all isolates obtained in 2008 and 2009 had a novel deletion of seven nucleotides in the variable region of the 3′-untranslated region.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by a Health Labor Sciences Research Grant in Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (H17-shinkou-ippan-018, H20-shinkou-ippan-015) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
Authors' addresses: Mayumi Obara, Takeo Yamauchi, Sumiyo Hasegawa, Masae Iwai, Eiji Horimoto, Takeshi Kurata, and Takenori Takizawa, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan, E-mails: mayumi.obara@pref.toyama.lg.jp, takeo.yamauchi@pref.toyama.lg.jp, sumiyo.hasegawa@pref.toyama.lg.jp, masae.iwai@pref.toyama.lg.jp, eiji.horimoto@pref.toyama.lg.jp, takeshi.kurata@pref.toyama.lg.jp, and takenori.takizawa@pref.toyama.lg.jp. Mamoru Watanabe, Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, E-mail: tabanus-wata@titan.ocn.ne.jp. Yasufumi Ueda and Kentaro Matsuno, Toyama-Airport Detached Office of Niigata Quarantine Station, 191 Akigashima, Toyama, Toyama 939-8252, Japan, E-mails: ueda-yasufumi@keneki.go.jp and matsuno-kentarou@keneki.go.jp. Hiroaki Kariwa and Ikuo Takashima, Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan, E-mails: kariwa@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp and takasima@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
Reprint requests: Mayumi Obara, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan, E-mail: mayumi.obara@pref.toyama.lg.jp.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Markoff L, 2007. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1153–1252.
-
2.
Hashimoto H, Nomoto A, Watanabe K, Mori T, Takezawa T, Aizawa C, Takegami T, Hiramatsu K, 1988. Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Japanese encephalitis virus Beijing-1 strain. Virus Genes 1: 305–317.
-
3.
Sumiyoshi H, Mori C, Fuke I, Morita K, Kuhara S, Kondou J, Kikuchi Y, Nagamatu H, Igarashi A, 1987. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus genome RNA. Virology 161: 497–510.
-
4.
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian subcontinent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 242–251.
-
5.
Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DW, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett AD, 2003. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J Virol 77: 3091–3098.
-
6.
Burke DS, Leake CJ, 1988. Japanese encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 63–92.
-
7.
Igarashi A, 1992. Japanese encephalitis virus, infection, and control. Kurstak E, ed. Control of Virus Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 309–342.
-
8.
Ogata T, 1985. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Japan [in Japanese]. Rinsho To Uirusu 13: 150–155.
-
9.
Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, 2008. Japanese encephalitis. Annual Report 2006 National Epidemiological Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Disease [in Japanese]. Tokyo: National Institute of Infectious Disease, 74–96.
-
10.
Watanabe M, Hasegawa S, Obara M, Ando S, Yamauchi T & Takizawa T 2011. Long-term analyses of the population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis, and serological survey of Japanese encephalitis virus among swine in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, from 1969 to 2003. Toyama, Japan: Skarafactory Ltd.
-
11.
Kamimura K, 1998. Studies on the population dynamics of the principal vector mosquito of Japanese encephalitis [in Japanese]. Med Entomol Zool 49: 181–185.
-
12.
Nerome R, Tajima S, Takasaki T, Yoshida T, Kotaki A, Lim CK, Ito M, Sugiyama A, Yamauchi A, Yano T, Kameyama T, Morishita I, Kuwayama M, Ogawa T, Sahara K, Ikegaya A, Kanda M, Hosoya Y, Itokazu K, Onishi H, Chiya S, Yoshida Y, Tabei Y, Katsuki K, Tabata K, Harada S, Kurane I, 2007. Molecular epidemiological analyses of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from swine in Japan from 2002 to 2004. J Gen Virol 88: 2762–2768.
-
13.
Nabeshima T, Loan HT, Inoue S, Sumiyoshi M, Haruta Y, Nga PT, Huoung VT, Del Carmen Parquet M, Hasebe F, Morita K, 2009. Evidence of frequent introductions of Japanese encephalitis virus from south-east Asia and continental east Asia to Japan. J Gen Virol 90: 827–832.
-
14.
Ma SP, Yoshida Y, Makino Y, Tadano M, Ono T, Ogawa M, 2003. Short report: a major genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus currently circulating in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 151–154.
-
15.
Jan LR, Yueh YY, Wu YC, Horng CB, Wang GR, 2000. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 446–452.
-
16.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA3: Integrated Software for Molecular Evolutionary Analysis and Sequence Alignment. Brief Bioinform 5: 150–163.
-
17.
Kimura M, 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16: 111–120.
-
18.
Katori K, Matsuura K, Nakayama T, Imai S, Kamimura K, 1975. Epidemiological surveillance of Japanese encephalitis in Toyama prefecture for 10 years (2nd report) [in Japanese]. Toyama-ken Noson Igaku Kenkyukai 6: 55–61.
-
19.
Takegami T, Ishak H, Miyamoto C, Shirai Y, Kamimura K, 2000. Isolation and molecular comparison of Japanese encephalitis virus in Ishikawa, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 53: 178–179.
-
20.
Takashima I, Watanabe T, Ouchi N, Hashimoto N, 1988. Ecological studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Hokkaido: interepidemic outbreaks of swine abortion and evidence for the virus to overwinter locally. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 420–427.
-
21.
Doi R, Oya A, Shirasaka A, Yabe S, Sasa M, 1983. Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. II. Role of lizards on hibernation of Japanese encephalitis virus. Jpn J Exp Med 53: 125–134.
-
22.
Rosen L, 1986. The natural history of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Microbiol 40: 395–414.
-
23.
Horimoto M, Sakai T, Goto H, 1987. Changes in antibody titers in cattle with Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Indian J Med Res 86: 695–701.
-
24.
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rao BU, George S, Mishra AC, Prasanna Y, Gopalkrishna S, Pavri KM, 1988. Absence of viraemia in cattle after experimental infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82: 628–631.
-
25.
Hayashi K, Shichijo A, Mifune K, Matsuo S, Wada Y, Mogi M, Itoh T, 1973. Ecological studies on Japanese encephalitis virus: results of investigations in Nagasaki area, Japan, in 1969, 1970 and 1971. Tropical Medicine 15: 214–224.
-
26.
Fukumi H, Hayashi K, Mifune K, Shichijo A, Matsuo S, Omori N, Wada Y, Oda T, Mogi M, Mori A, 1976. Ecology of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan: I. Mosquito and pig infection with the virus in relation to human incidences. Tropical Medicine 17: 97–110.
-
27.
Nakamura H, Yoshida M, Kimura A, Yumisashi T, Kimura T, Ueba N, Kunita N, 2002. Ecological studies on Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Osaka Prefecture 6. Surveillance of JE virus activity and the vector mosquito abundance during the years 1968–1997. Med Entomol Zool 53: 29–42.
-
28.
Shichijo A, Mifune K, Hayashi K, Wada Y, Oda T, Omori N, 1972. Experimental infection of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus mosquitoes reared in biotron with Japanese encephalitis virus [in Japanese]. Tropical Medicine 14: 218–229.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 296 | 263 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 368 | 15 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 12 | 1 |