ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gubler DJ, 2002. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 33: 330–342.
-
2.
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 641–647.
-
3.
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273: 2327–2333.
-
4.
Patrican LA, Hackett LE, Briggs JE, McGowan JW, Unnasch TR, Lee JH, 2007. Host-feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes in relation to trap habitat. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1921–1923.
-
5.
Savage HM, Aggarwal D, Apperson CS, Katholi CR, Gordon E, Hassan HK, Anderson M, Charnetzky D, McMillen L, Unnasch EA, Unnasch TR, 2007. Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee 2002–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7: 365–386.
-
6.
Diuk-Wasser MA, Molaei G, Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2010. Avian communal roosts as amplification foci for West Nile virus in urban areas in northeastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 337–343.
-
7.
Mackay AJ, Kramer WL, Meece JK, Brumfield RT, Foil LD, 2010. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. J Med Entomol 47: 238–248.
-
8.
Carver S, Bestall A, Jardine A, Ostfeld RS, 2009. Influence of hosts on the ecology of arboviral transmission: potential mechanisms influencing dengue, Murray Valley encephalitis, and Ross River virus in Australia. Vector-borne Zoonot 9: 51–64.
-
9.
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4: 606–610.
-
10.
Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Childs JE, Simons LE, Andreadis TG, Diuk-Wasser MA, 2009. Avian host-selection by Culex pipiens in experimental trials. PLoS One 4: e7861.
-
11.
Kuno G, Chang GJJ, 2005. Biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 608–637.
-
12.
Turrell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O'Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
13.
Weaver SC, 2001. Eastern equine encephalitis. Service MW, ed. The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections. New York, NY: CABI Publishing, 151–159.
-
14.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
15.
Cohen SB, Lewoczko K, Huddleston DB, Moody E, Mukherjee S, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Wilson R, Moncayo AC, 2009. Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 452–456.
-
16.
Cupp EW, Klinger K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
17.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
18.
Royle JA, 2004. N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics 60: 108–115.
-
19.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Eubanks MD, Unnasch TR, 2008. Preference of female mosquitoes for natural and artificial resting sites. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 228–235.
-
20.
Estep LK, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hill GE, Unnasch RS, Unnasch TR, 2010. Estimation of dispersal distances of Culex erraticus in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 47: 977–986.
-
21.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39: 777–785.
-
22.
Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS Jr, Unnasch TR, 2002. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 599–604.
-
23.
Kleiner KJ, Mackenzie MD, Silvano AL, Grand JA, Grand JB, Hogland J, Irwin ER, Mitchell MS, Taylor BD, Earnhardt T, Kramer E, Lee J, McKerrow AJ, Rubino MJ, Samples K, Terando A, Williams SG, 2007. GAP Land Cover Map of Ecological Systems for the State of Alabama (Provisional). Alabama Gap Analysis Project. Available at: www.auburn.edu\gap. Accessed January 28, 2008.
-
24.
Homer C, Huang C, Yang L, Wylie B, Coan M, 2004. Development of a 2001 National Landcover Database for the United States. Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 70: 829–840.
-
25.
Chandler RB, King DI, Destefano S, 2009. Scrub-shrub bird habitat associations at multiple spatial scales in beaver meadows in Massachusetts. Auk 126: 186–197.
-
26.
Hines JE, 2006. Presence 2.1. Software to Estimate Patch Occupancy and Related Parameters. USGS-PWRC. Available at: www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html. Accessed December 1, 2009.
-
27.
McClure CJW, Estep LK, Hill GE. Using public land cover data to determine habitat associations of breeding birds in Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama. South J Appl For, in press.
-
28.
Johnson DH, Gibbs JP, Herzog M, Lor S, Niemuth ND, Ribic CA, Seamans M, Shaffer TL, Shriver WG, Stehman SV, Thompson WL, 2009. A sampling design framework for monitoring secretive marshbirds. Waterbirds 32: 203–215.
-
29.
Hess AD, Hayes RO, Tempelis CH, 1968. The use of the foraging ratio technique in mosquito host preference studies. Mosq News 28: 386–389.
-
30.
Manly BF, McDonald L, Thomas DL, McDonald TL, Erickson WP, 2002. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 50–62.
-
31.
Sauer JR, Hines JE, Fallon J, 2003. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2002. Laurel, MD: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
-
32.
Solow AR, 1993. A simple test for change in community structure. J Anim Ecol 62: 191–193.
-
33.
Peet RK, 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5: 285–307.
-
34.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
35.
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41: 495–501.
-
36.
Hayes RO, Maxfield HK, 1967. Interruption of diapause and rearing larvae of Culiseta melanura (Coq.). Mosq News 27: 458–461.
-
37.
Stamm DD, 1958. Studies on the ecology of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health 48: 328–335.
-
38.
Edman JD, Kale HW, 1971. Host behavior: its influence on the feeding success of mosquitoes. Ann Entomol Soc Am 64: 513–516.
-
39.
Webber LA, Edman JD, 1972. Anti-mosquito behavior of ciconiiform birds. Anim Behav 20: 228–232.
-
40.
Edman JD, Day JF, Walker ED, 1984. Field confirmation on the different antimosquito behavior of herons. Condor 86: 91–121.
-
41.
LoGiudice K, Ostfeld RS, Schmidt KA, Keesing F, 2003. The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 567–571.
-
42.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
43.
McLean RG, Frier G, Parham GL, Francy DB, Monath TP, Campos EG, Therrien A, Kerschner J, Calisher CH, 1985. Investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in Michigan, 1980. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 1190–1202.
-
44.
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31: 711–728.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 385 | 350 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 391 | 19 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 114 | 16 | 5 |
A Multi-Year Study of Mosquito Feeding Patterns on Avian Hosts in a Southeastern Focus of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Laura K. Estep
Laura K. Estep
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Christopher J. W. McClure
Christopher J. W. McClure
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena
Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Hassan K. Hassan
Hassan K. Hassan
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Tyler L. Hicks
Tyler L. Hicks
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Geoffrey E. Hill
Geoffrey E. Hill
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that cycles in birds but also causes severe disease in humans and horses. We examined patterns of avian host use by vectors of EEEV in Alabama from 2001 to 2009 using blood-meal analysis of field-collected mosquitoes and avian abundance surveys. The northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) was the only preferred host (fed on significantly more than expected based on abundance) of Culiseta melanura, the enzootic vector of EEEV. Preferred hosts of Culex erraticus, a putative bridge vector of EEEV, were American robin (Turdus migratorius), Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), barred owl (Strix varia), and northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottis). Our results provide insight into the relationships between vectors of EEEV and their avian hosts in the Southeast and suggest that the northern cardinal may be important in the ecology of EEEV in this region.
Author Notes
Financial support: Financial support for this study was provided by a grant from the Walter F. Coxe Research Fund of the Birmingham Audubon Society (to Christopher J. W. McClure) and a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Project R01AI049724 (to Thomas R. Unnasch and Geoffrey E. Hill).
Authors' addresses: Laura K. Estep, Christopher J. W. McClure, and Geoffrey E. Hill, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, E-mails: lke0001@auburn.edu, chrimcc@gmail.com, and hillgee@auburn.edu. Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, E-mail: burkend@auburn.edu. Hassan. K. Hassan and Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mails: hhassan@health.usf.edu and tunnasch@health.usf.edu. Tyler L. Hicks, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, E-mail: tyler_hicks@wsu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gubler DJ, 2002. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 33: 330–342.
-
2.
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 641–647.
-
3.
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273: 2327–2333.
-
4.
Patrican LA, Hackett LE, Briggs JE, McGowan JW, Unnasch TR, Lee JH, 2007. Host-feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes in relation to trap habitat. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1921–1923.
-
5.
Savage HM, Aggarwal D, Apperson CS, Katholi CR, Gordon E, Hassan HK, Anderson M, Charnetzky D, McMillen L, Unnasch EA, Unnasch TR, 2007. Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee 2002–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7: 365–386.
-
6.
Diuk-Wasser MA, Molaei G, Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2010. Avian communal roosts as amplification foci for West Nile virus in urban areas in northeastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 337–343.
-
7.
Mackay AJ, Kramer WL, Meece JK, Brumfield RT, Foil LD, 2010. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. J Med Entomol 47: 238–248.
-
8.
Carver S, Bestall A, Jardine A, Ostfeld RS, 2009. Influence of hosts on the ecology of arboviral transmission: potential mechanisms influencing dengue, Murray Valley encephalitis, and Ross River virus in Australia. Vector-borne Zoonot 9: 51–64.
-
9.
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4: 606–610.
-
10.
Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Childs JE, Simons LE, Andreadis TG, Diuk-Wasser MA, 2009. Avian host-selection by Culex pipiens in experimental trials. PLoS One 4: e7861.
-
11.
Kuno G, Chang GJJ, 2005. Biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 608–637.
-
12.
Turrell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O'Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
13.
Weaver SC, 2001. Eastern equine encephalitis. Service MW, ed. The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections. New York, NY: CABI Publishing, 151–159.
-
14.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
15.
Cohen SB, Lewoczko K, Huddleston DB, Moody E, Mukherjee S, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Wilson R, Moncayo AC, 2009. Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 452–456.
-
16.
Cupp EW, Klinger K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 495–500.
-
17.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2008. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus Culex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 809–815.
-
18.
Royle JA, 2004. N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics 60: 108–115.
-
19.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Eubanks MD, Unnasch TR, 2008. Preference of female mosquitoes for natural and artificial resting sites. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 228–235.
-
20.
Estep LK, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hill GE, Unnasch RS, Unnasch TR, 2010. Estimation of dispersal distances of Culex erraticus in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 47: 977–986.
-
21.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39: 777–785.
-
22.
Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS Jr, Unnasch TR, 2002. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 599–604.
-
23.
Kleiner KJ, Mackenzie MD, Silvano AL, Grand JA, Grand JB, Hogland J, Irwin ER, Mitchell MS, Taylor BD, Earnhardt T, Kramer E, Lee J, McKerrow AJ, Rubino MJ, Samples K, Terando A, Williams SG, 2007. GAP Land Cover Map of Ecological Systems for the State of Alabama (Provisional). Alabama Gap Analysis Project. Available at: www.auburn.edu\gap. Accessed January 28, 2008.
-
24.
Homer C, Huang C, Yang L, Wylie B, Coan M, 2004. Development of a 2001 National Landcover Database for the United States. Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 70: 829–840.
-
25.
Chandler RB, King DI, Destefano S, 2009. Scrub-shrub bird habitat associations at multiple spatial scales in beaver meadows in Massachusetts. Auk 126: 186–197.
-
26.
Hines JE, 2006. Presence 2.1. Software to Estimate Patch Occupancy and Related Parameters. USGS-PWRC. Available at: www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html. Accessed December 1, 2009.
-
27.
McClure CJW, Estep LK, Hill GE. Using public land cover data to determine habitat associations of breeding birds in Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama. South J Appl For, in press.
-
28.
Johnson DH, Gibbs JP, Herzog M, Lor S, Niemuth ND, Ribic CA, Seamans M, Shaffer TL, Shriver WG, Stehman SV, Thompson WL, 2009. A sampling design framework for monitoring secretive marshbirds. Waterbirds 32: 203–215.
-
29.
Hess AD, Hayes RO, Tempelis CH, 1968. The use of the foraging ratio technique in mosquito host preference studies. Mosq News 28: 386–389.
-
30.
Manly BF, McDonald L, Thomas DL, McDonald TL, Erickson WP, 2002. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 50–62.
-
31.
Sauer JR, Hines JE, Fallon J, 2003. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2002. Laurel, MD: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
-
32.
Solow AR, 1993. A simple test for change in community structure. J Anim Ecol 62: 191–193.
-
33.
Peet RK, 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5: 285–307.
-
34.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
35.
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41: 495–501.
-
36.
Hayes RO, Maxfield HK, 1967. Interruption of diapause and rearing larvae of Culiseta melanura (Coq.). Mosq News 27: 458–461.
-
37.
Stamm DD, 1958. Studies on the ecology of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health 48: 328–335.
-
38.
Edman JD, Kale HW, 1971. Host behavior: its influence on the feeding success of mosquitoes. Ann Entomol Soc Am 64: 513–516.
-
39.
Webber LA, Edman JD, 1972. Anti-mosquito behavior of ciconiiform birds. Anim Behav 20: 228–232.
-
40.
Edman JD, Day JF, Walker ED, 1984. Field confirmation on the different antimosquito behavior of herons. Condor 86: 91–121.
-
41.
LoGiudice K, Ostfeld RS, Schmidt KA, Keesing F, 2003. The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 567–571.
-
42.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
43.
McLean RG, Frier G, Parham GL, Francy DB, Monath TP, Campos EG, Therrien A, Kerschner J, Calisher CH, 1985. Investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in Michigan, 1980. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 1190–1202.
-
44.
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31: 711–728.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 385 | 350 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 391 | 19 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 114 | 16 | 5 |