ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ashford RW, Craig PS, Oppenheimer SJ, 1992. Polyparasitism on the Kenya coast. 1. Prevalence, and association between parasitic infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86: 671–679.
-
2.
Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, Olveda RM, Kurtis JD, McGarvey ST, 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 540–548.
-
3.
Ezeamama AE, McGarvey ST, Acosta LP, Zierler S, Manalo DL, Wu HW, Kurtis JD, Mor V, Olveda RM, Friedman JF, 2008. The synergistic effect of concomitant schistosomiasis, hookworm, and Trichuris infections on children's anemia burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e245.
-
4.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A, 1993. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 123: 1036–1046.
-
5.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kurz KM, Kinoti SN, Oduori ML, Crompton DW, 1985. Relationships of Schistosoma hematobium, hookworm and malarial infections and metrifonate treatment to hemoglobin level in Kenyan school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 519–528.
-
6.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl): S23–S38.
-
7.
Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, McGarvey ST, Jarilla B, Jiz M, Pablo A, Su L, Manalo DL, Olveda RM, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Nutritional status improves after treatment of Schistosoma japonicum-infected children and adolescents. J Nutr 136: 183–188.
-
8.
Parraga IM, Assis AM, Prado MS, Barreto ML, Reis MG, King CH, Blanton RE, 1996. Gender differences in growth of school-aged children with schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 150–156.
-
9.
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365: 1561–1569.
-
10.
Bustinduy AL, Thomas CL, Fiutem JJ, Parraga IM, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Mutuku F, Kitron U, King CH, 2011. Measuring fitness of Kenyan children with polyparasitic infections using the 20-meter shuttle run test as a morbidity metric. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1213.
-
11.
Yap P, Du ZW, Chen R, Zhang LP, Wu FW, Wang J, Wang XZ, Zhou H, Zhou XN, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children in southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 5: 50.
-
12.
Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C, 2001. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 131: 649S–666S.
-
13.
Nokes C, McGarvey ST, Shiue L, Wu G, Wu H, Bundy DA, Olds GR, 1999. Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 556–565.
-
14.
Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, Sachdev HS, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 371: 340–357.
-
15.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
16.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Golden MH, 1994. Is complete catch-up possible for stunted malnourished children? Eur J Clin Nutr 48 (Suppl 1): S58–S70.
-
18.
Friedman JF, Kanzaria HK, McGarvey ST, 2005. Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms. Trends Parasitol 21: 386–392.
-
19.
Leenstra T, Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, Su L, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Schistosoma japonicum reinfection after praziquantel treatment causes anemia associated with inflammation. Infect Immun 74: 6398–6407.
-
20.
King CH, 2006. Long-term outcomes of school-based treatment for control of urinary schistosomiasis: a review of experience in Coast Province, Kenya. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 299–306.
-
21.
King CH, Muchiri E, Ouma JH, Koech D, 1991. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. IV. Impact of repeated annual chemotherapy on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection in an endemic area of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 498–508.
-
22.
Ouma JH, King CH, Muchiri EM, Mungai P, Koech DK, Ireri E, Magak P, Kadzo H, 2005. Late benefits 10–18 years after drug therapy for infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 359–364.
-
23.
King CH, Keating CE, Muruka JF, Ouma JH, Houser H, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1988. Urinary tract morbidity in schistosomiasis haematobia: associations with age and intensity of infection in an endemic area of Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 361–368.
-
24.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Bustinduy AL, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of drought on the spatial pattern of transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 1065–1070.
-
25.
Peters PAS, Kazura JW, 1987. Update on diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis. Mahmoud AA, ed. Balliere's Clinical Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Schistosomiasis. London, UK: Bailliere Tindall, 419–433.
-
26.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
27.
WHO/CDC, 2007. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
28.
Frisancho A, 1990. Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutrition Status. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
-
29.
Johnston FE, Hamill PV, Lemeshow S, 1972. Skinfold thickness of children 6–11 years, United States. Vital Health Stat 11 120: 1–60.
-
30.
Zerfas A, 1985. Checking Continuous Measurements: Manual for Anthropometry. Los Angeles, CA: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California.
-
31.
Jelliffe DB, 1966. The assessment of the nutritional status of the community (with special reference to field surveys in developing regions of the world). Monogr Ser World Health Organ 53: 3–271.
-
32.
WHO, 2009. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
33.
de Onis M, 2009. Growth curves for school age children and adolescents. Indian Pediatr 46: 463–465.
-
34.
Gwatkin DR, Rustein S, Johnson K, Pande R, Wagstaff A, 2000. Socio-Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Kenya. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
35.
Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Kurtis JD, Mor V, McGarvey ST, 2005. Functional significance of low-intensity polyparasite helminth infections in anemia. J Infect Dis 192: 2160–2170.
-
36.
Florey LS, King CH, Van Dyke MK, Muchiri EM, Mungai PL, Zimmerman PA, Wilson ML, 2012. Partnering parasites: evidence of synergism between heavy Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium species infections in Kenyan children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1723.
-
37.
Gurarie D, Wang X, Bustinduy AL, King CH, 2011. Modeling the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on childhood development and the potential for catch-up growth with different drug treatment strategies promoted for control of endemic schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 773–781.
-
38.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Mungai P, Mbogo C, Mwangangi J, Muchiri EM, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. Malar J 10: 356.
-
39.
Coutinho HM, Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Su L, Jarilla B, Jiz MA, Langdon GC, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein are associated with undernutrition in the context of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 720–726.
-
40.
Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, Su L, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 371–379.
-
41.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
42.
Odogwu SE, Ramamurthy NK, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa E, Webster JP, Fenwick A, Stothard JR, 2006. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged < 3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 315–326.
-
43.
Bosompem KM, Bentum IA, Otchere J, Anyan WK, Brown CA, Osada Y, Takeo S, Kojima S, Ohta N, 2004. Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community. Trop Med Int Health 9: 917–922.
-
44.
Garba A, Barkire N, Djibo A, Lamine MS, Sofo B, Gouvras AN, Bosque-Oliva E, Webster JP, Stothard JR, Utzinger J, Fenwick A, 2010. Schistosomiasis in infants and preschool-aged children: infection in a single Schistosoma haematobium and a mixed S. haematobium-S. mansoni foci of Niger. Acta Trop 115: 212–219.
-
45.
WHO, 2011. Report of a Meeting to Review the Results of Studies on the Treatment of Schistosomiasis in Preschool-Aged Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
46.
UNICEF, 2011. The State of the World's Children 2011. Adolescence. An Age of Opportunity. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
47.
Mupfasoni D, Karibushi B, Koukounari A, Ruberanziza E, Kaberuka T, Kramer MH, Mukabayire O, Kabera M, Nizeyimana V, Deville MA, Ruxin J, Webster JP, Fenwick A, 2009. Polyparasite helminth infections and their association to anaemia and undernutrition in northern Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e517.
-
48.
Koukounari A, Gabrielli AF, Toure S, Bosque-Oliva E, Zhang Y, Sellin B, Donnelly CA, Fenwick A, Webster JP, 2007. Schistosoma haematobium infection and morbidity before and after large-scale administration of praziquantel in Burkina Faso. J Infect Dis 196: 659–669.
-
49.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
50.
Mondal D, Minak J, Alam M, Liu Y, Dai J, Korpe P, Liu L, Haque R, Petri WA Jr, 2012. Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 54: 185–192.
-
51.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 707–713.
-
52.
Coly AN, Milet J, Diallo A, Ndiaye T, Benefice E, Simondon F, Wade S, Simondon KB, 2006. Preschool stunting, adolescent migration, catch-up growth, and adult height in young Senegalese men and women of rural origin. J Nutr 136: 2412–2420.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 540 | 482 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 803 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 251 | 14 | 1 |
Impact of Polyparasitic Infections on Anemia and Undernutrition among Kenyan Children Living in a Schistosoma haematobium-Endemic Area
Amaya L. Bustinduy
Amaya L. Bustinduy
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Amaya L. Bustinduy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Amaya L. Bustinduy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Isabel M. Parraga
Isabel M. Parraga
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Isabel M. Parraga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Isabel M. Parraga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Charles L. Thomas
Charles L. Thomas
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Charles L. Thomas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Charles L. Thomas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Peter L. Mungai
Peter L. Mungai
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Peter L. Mungai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Peter L. Mungai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Francis Mutuku
Francis Mutuku
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Francis Mutuku in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Francis Mutuku in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Eric M. Muchiri
Eric M. Muchiri
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Eric M. Muchiri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eric M. Muchiri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Uriel Kitron
Uriel Kitron
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Uriel Kitron in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Uriel Kitron in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Charles H. King
Charles H. King
Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Charles H. King in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Charles H. King in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
We measured prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium, Wuchereria bancrofti, Plasmodium falciparum, hookworm, and other geohelminths among school-aged children in four endemic villages in Kwale County, Kenya and explored the relationship between multiparasite burden, undernutrition, and anemia. In 2009–2010 surveys, cross-sectional data were obtained for 2,030 children 5–18 years old. Infections were most prevalent for S. haematobium (25–62%), hookworm (11–28%), and falciparum malaria (8–24%). Over one-half of children were anemic, with high rates of acute and chronic malnutrition. Associations with infection status showed significant age and sex differences. For boys, young age, low socioeconomic standing (SES), S. haematobium, and/or malaria infections were associated with greater odds of anemia, wasting, and/or stunting; for girls, heavy S. haematobium infection and age were the significant cofactors for anemia, whereas low SES and older age were linked to stunting. The broad overlap of infection-related causes for anemia and malnutrition and the high frequency of polyparasitic infections suggest that there will be significant advantages to integrated parasite control in this area.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Research Grant R01TW008067 funded by the Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program of the Fogarty International Center. Funding support was also provided through a National Institutes of Health T32 Ruth L. Kirschstein National Service Research Award Training Grant (to A.L.B.).
Authors' addresses: Amaya L. Bustinduy, CTID Building, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, E-mail: Amaya.Bustinduy@liverpool.ac.uk. Isabel M. Parraga, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, E-mail: imp@case.edu. Charles L. Thomas, Center for Health Care Research and Policy, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, E-mail: clt6@cwru.edu. Peter L. Mungai and Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, E-mails: plmungai@yahoo.com and chk@cwru.edu. Francis Mutuku and Uriel Kitron, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: fmutuku73@gmail.com and ukitron@emory.edu. Eric M. Muchiri, Division of Vector Borne Neglected and Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: ericmmuchiri@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ashford RW, Craig PS, Oppenheimer SJ, 1992. Polyparasitism on the Kenya coast. 1. Prevalence, and association between parasitic infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86: 671–679.
-
2.
Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, Olveda RM, Kurtis JD, McGarvey ST, 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 540–548.
-
3.
Ezeamama AE, McGarvey ST, Acosta LP, Zierler S, Manalo DL, Wu HW, Kurtis JD, Mor V, Olveda RM, Friedman JF, 2008. The synergistic effect of concomitant schistosomiasis, hookworm, and Trichuris infections on children's anemia burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e245.
-
4.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A, 1993. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 123: 1036–1046.
-
5.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kurz KM, Kinoti SN, Oduori ML, Crompton DW, 1985. Relationships of Schistosoma hematobium, hookworm and malarial infections and metrifonate treatment to hemoglobin level in Kenyan school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 519–528.
-
6.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl): S23–S38.
-
7.
Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, McGarvey ST, Jarilla B, Jiz M, Pablo A, Su L, Manalo DL, Olveda RM, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Nutritional status improves after treatment of Schistosoma japonicum-infected children and adolescents. J Nutr 136: 183–188.
-
8.
Parraga IM, Assis AM, Prado MS, Barreto ML, Reis MG, King CH, Blanton RE, 1996. Gender differences in growth of school-aged children with schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 150–156.
-
9.
King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ, 2005. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365: 1561–1569.
-
10.
Bustinduy AL, Thomas CL, Fiutem JJ, Parraga IM, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Mutuku F, Kitron U, King CH, 2011. Measuring fitness of Kenyan children with polyparasitic infections using the 20-meter shuttle run test as a morbidity metric. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1213.
-
11.
Yap P, Du ZW, Chen R, Zhang LP, Wu FW, Wang J, Wang XZ, Zhou H, Zhou XN, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children in southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 5: 50.
-
12.
Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C, 2001. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 131: 649S–666S.
-
13.
Nokes C, McGarvey ST, Shiue L, Wu G, Wu H, Bundy DA, Olds GR, 1999. Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 556–565.
-
14.
Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, Sachdev HS, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 371: 340–357.
-
15.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
16.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Golden MH, 1994. Is complete catch-up possible for stunted malnourished children? Eur J Clin Nutr 48 (Suppl 1): S58–S70.
-
18.
Friedman JF, Kanzaria HK, McGarvey ST, 2005. Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms. Trends Parasitol 21: 386–392.
-
19.
Leenstra T, Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, Su L, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Schistosoma japonicum reinfection after praziquantel treatment causes anemia associated with inflammation. Infect Immun 74: 6398–6407.
-
20.
King CH, 2006. Long-term outcomes of school-based treatment for control of urinary schistosomiasis: a review of experience in Coast Province, Kenya. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 299–306.
-
21.
King CH, Muchiri E, Ouma JH, Koech D, 1991. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. IV. Impact of repeated annual chemotherapy on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection in an endemic area of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 498–508.
-
22.
Ouma JH, King CH, Muchiri EM, Mungai P, Koech DK, Ireri E, Magak P, Kadzo H, 2005. Late benefits 10–18 years after drug therapy for infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 359–364.
-
23.
King CH, Keating CE, Muruka JF, Ouma JH, Houser H, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1988. Urinary tract morbidity in schistosomiasis haematobia: associations with age and intensity of infection in an endemic area of Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 361–368.
-
24.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Bustinduy AL, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of drought on the spatial pattern of transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 1065–1070.
-
25.
Peters PAS, Kazura JW, 1987. Update on diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis. Mahmoud AA, ed. Balliere's Clinical Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Schistosomiasis. London, UK: Bailliere Tindall, 419–433.
-
26.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
27.
WHO/CDC, 2007. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
28.
Frisancho A, 1990. Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutrition Status. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
-
29.
Johnston FE, Hamill PV, Lemeshow S, 1972. Skinfold thickness of children 6–11 years, United States. Vital Health Stat 11 120: 1–60.
-
30.
Zerfas A, 1985. Checking Continuous Measurements: Manual for Anthropometry. Los Angeles, CA: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California.
-
31.
Jelliffe DB, 1966. The assessment of the nutritional status of the community (with special reference to field surveys in developing regions of the world). Monogr Ser World Health Organ 53: 3–271.
-
32.
WHO, 2009. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
33.
de Onis M, 2009. Growth curves for school age children and adolescents. Indian Pediatr 46: 463–465.
-
34.
Gwatkin DR, Rustein S, Johnson K, Pande R, Wagstaff A, 2000. Socio-Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Kenya. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
35.
Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Kurtis JD, Mor V, McGarvey ST, 2005. Functional significance of low-intensity polyparasite helminth infections in anemia. J Infect Dis 192: 2160–2170.
-
36.
Florey LS, King CH, Van Dyke MK, Muchiri EM, Mungai PL, Zimmerman PA, Wilson ML, 2012. Partnering parasites: evidence of synergism between heavy Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium species infections in Kenyan children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1723.
-
37.
Gurarie D, Wang X, Bustinduy AL, King CH, 2011. Modeling the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on childhood development and the potential for catch-up growth with different drug treatment strategies promoted for control of endemic schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 773–781.
-
38.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Mungai P, Mbogo C, Mwangangi J, Muchiri EM, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. Malar J 10: 356.
-
39.
Coutinho HM, Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Su L, Jarilla B, Jiz MA, Langdon GC, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein are associated with undernutrition in the context of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 720–726.
-
40.
Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, Su L, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, 2006. Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 371–379.
-
41.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
42.
Odogwu SE, Ramamurthy NK, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa E, Webster JP, Fenwick A, Stothard JR, 2006. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged < 3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 315–326.
-
43.
Bosompem KM, Bentum IA, Otchere J, Anyan WK, Brown CA, Osada Y, Takeo S, Kojima S, Ohta N, 2004. Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community. Trop Med Int Health 9: 917–922.
-
44.
Garba A, Barkire N, Djibo A, Lamine MS, Sofo B, Gouvras AN, Bosque-Oliva E, Webster JP, Stothard JR, Utzinger J, Fenwick A, 2010. Schistosomiasis in infants and preschool-aged children: infection in a single Schistosoma haematobium and a mixed S. haematobium-S. mansoni foci of Niger. Acta Trop 115: 212–219.
-
45.
WHO, 2011. Report of a Meeting to Review the Results of Studies on the Treatment of Schistosomiasis in Preschool-Aged Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
46.
UNICEF, 2011. The State of the World's Children 2011. Adolescence. An Age of Opportunity. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
47.
Mupfasoni D, Karibushi B, Koukounari A, Ruberanziza E, Kaberuka T, Kramer MH, Mukabayire O, Kabera M, Nizeyimana V, Deville MA, Ruxin J, Webster JP, Fenwick A, 2009. Polyparasite helminth infections and their association to anaemia and undernutrition in northern Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e517.
-
48.
Koukounari A, Gabrielli AF, Toure S, Bosque-Oliva E, Zhang Y, Sellin B, Donnelly CA, Fenwick A, Webster JP, 2007. Schistosoma haematobium infection and morbidity before and after large-scale administration of praziquantel in Burkina Faso. J Infect Dis 196: 659–669.
-
49.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
50.
Mondal D, Minak J, Alam M, Liu Y, Dai J, Korpe P, Liu L, Haque R, Petri WA Jr, 2012. Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 54: 185–192.
-
51.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 707–713.
-
52.
Coly AN, Milet J, Diallo A, Ndiaye T, Benefice E, Simondon F, Wade S, Simondon KB, 2006. Preschool stunting, adolescent migration, catch-up growth, and adult height in young Senegalese men and women of rural origin. J Nutr 136: 2412–2420.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 540 | 482 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 803 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 251 | 14 | 1 |