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Persistence of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli Ulcer) in the Historical Focus of Kasongo Territory, the Democratic Republic of Congo
Patrick Suykerbuyk
Patrick Suykerbuyk
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Julie Wambacq
Julie Wambacq
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Delphin M. Phanzu
Delphin M. Phanzu
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Hemedi Haruna
Hemedi Haruna
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Yoshinori Nakazawa
Yoshinori Nakazawa
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Kristien Ooms
Kristien Ooms
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Kalambo Kamango
Kalambo Kamango
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Pieter Stragier
Pieter Stragier
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Jackie N. Singa
Jackie N. Singa
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Florent Ekwanzala
Florent Ekwanzala
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Eric De Herdt
Eric De Herdt
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Philippe De Maeyer
Philippe De Maeyer
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Luc Kestens
Luc Kestens
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Françoise Portaels
Françoise Portaels
Mycobacteriology Unit and Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Group T, Leuven Engineering College (Association K. U. Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; Cartography–Geographic Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium; Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer Supervision, Zone de Santé Rural Kasongo, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre l’Ulcère de Buruli, Democratic Republic of Congo; Diseases Control and Prevention Program, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Fifty years after the last report of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer [BU]) in Kasongo Territory, Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we conducted a small-scale cross-sectional survey to assess if this historical BU focus was still active and if so to explore the disease epidemiology. Seventy-five active and inactive BU cases were identified on clinical grounds of which two of 28 BU active cases were laboratory confirmed. We used a modified BU02 form to reconstruct the local disease dynamics and we believe that the horrific conflict in eastern DRC and exceptional flooding were the most likely causes of the re-emergence of the disease. There is a need in the DRC to decentralize and integrate surveillance and control activities at local level to increase the effectiveness of patient management.
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-
1
Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, Savioli L, 2007. Control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med 357 :1018–1027.
-
2
Walsh DS, Portaels F, Meyers WM, 2008. Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 :969–978.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2008. Buruli ulcer: progress report, 2004–2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 17 :145–154.
-
4
Janssens PG, Pattyn SR, Meyers WM, Portaels F, 2005. Buruli ulcer: an historical overview with updating to 2005. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre Mer 51 :265–299.
-
5
The Uganda Buruli Group, 1971. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) at Kinyara, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 :763–775.
-
6
Oluwasanmi JO, Solankee TF, Olurin EO, Itayemi SO, Alabi GO, Lucas AO, 1976. Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli) skin ulceration in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :122–128.
-
7
Veitch MG, Johnson PD, Flood PE, Leslie DE, Street AC, Hayman JA, 1997. A large localized outbreak of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection on a temperate southern Australian island. Epidemiol Infect 119 :313–318.
-
8
Johnson RC, Makoutodé M, Sopoh GE, Elsen P, Gbovi J, Pouteau LH, Meyers WM, Boko M, Portaels F, 2005. Buruli ulcer distribution in Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :500–501.
-
9
Johnson RC, Sopoh GE, Boko M, Zinsou C, Gbovi J, Makoutode M, Portaels F, 2005. Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer) in the district of Lalo in Benin. Trop Med Int Health 10 :863–871.
-
10
Johnson PD, Azuolas J, Lavender CJ, Wishart E, Stinear TP, Hayman JA, Brown L, Jenkin GA, Fyfe JA, 2007. Mycobacterium ulcerans in mosquitoes captured during outbreak of Buruli ulcer, southeastern Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1653–1660.
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