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1
Clements CJ, Baoping Y, Crouch A, Hipgrave D, Mansoor O, Nelson CB, Treleaven S, Konkelenberg RV, Wiersma S, 2006 . Progress in the control of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific Region. Vaccine 24 :1975– 1982.
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2
Gust ID, 1996 . Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific and South East Asia. Gut 38 :18– 23.
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3
World Bank, 2007 . World Bank Development Indicators Database. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATA-STATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf . Accessed September 16, 2008.
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4
Snitbhan R, Scott R, Bancroft WH, Top FH Jr, Chiewsilp D, 1975 . Subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in south-east Asia. J Infect Dis 131 :708– 711.
-
5
Thuring EG, Joller-Jemelka HI, Sareth H, Sokhan U, Reth C, Grob P, 1993 . Prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses A, B, C and of HIV in healthy individuals and patients of a Cambodian province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24 :239– 249.
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6
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, De Silva SL, Chea L, Nuon S, Saykao P, Bak N, Biggs BA, 2005 . Knowledge about hepatitis and previous exposure to hepatitis viruses in immigrants and refugees from Mekong Region. Aust N Z J Public Health 29 :64– 68.
-
7
Catanzaro A, Moser RJ, 1982 . Health Status of refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. JAMA 247 :1303– 1308.
-
8
Yao GB, 1996 . Importance of perinatal versus horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in China. Gut 38 :39– 42.
-
9
Hipgrave DB, Nguyen TV, Vu MH, Hoang TL, Do TD, Trung NT, Jolley D, Maynard JE, Biggs BA, 2003 . Hepatitis B infection in rural Vietnam and the implications for a national program of infant immunization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :288– 294.
-
10
Liang XF, Chen YS, Wang XJ, He X, Chen LJ, Wang J, Lin CY, Bai HQ, Yan J, Cui G, Yu JJ, 2005 . A study of seroepidemiology of hepatitis B in Chinese population aged over 3-years old: the report from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chin J of Epidemiol 26 :655– 658.
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11
Lien TX, Tien NT, Chanpong GF, Cao TC, Vii TY, Soderquist R, Laras K, Corwin A, 2000 . Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis b surface antigen, and syphilis in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :301– 309.
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12
World Health Organization, 2001 . Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Assays: Operational Characteristics (Phase I). Report 1. Blood Safety and Clinical Technology . Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/BCT/BTS/01.4.
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13
World Health Organization, 2004 . Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Assays: Operational Characteristics (Phase I). Report 2. Blood Safety and Clinical Technology . Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/BCT/BTS/01.4.
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14
Vong S, Perz JF, Sok S, Som S, Goldstein S, Hutin Y, Tulloch J, 2005 . Rapid assessment of injection practices in Cambodia, 2002. BMC Public Health 5 :56– 62.
-
15
James L, Fong CW, Foong BH, Wee MK, Chow A, Shim E, Chew SK, 2001 . Hepatitis B seroprevalence study 1999. Singapore Med J 42 :420– 424.
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16
Ng KP, Saw TL, Baki A, Rozainah K, Pang KW, Ramanathan M, 2005 . Impact of the expanded program on immunization against hepatitis B infection in school children in Malaysia. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 194 :163– 168.
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17
National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics (Cambodia) and ORC Macro, 2006 . Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005 . Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Calverton, Maryland: National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics and ORC Macro.
-
18
Davaalkham D, Ojima T, Uehara R, Watanabe M, Oki I, Wiersma S, Nyamadawa P, Nakamura Y, 2007 . Impact of the universal hepatitis B immunization program in Mongolia: achievements and challenges. J Epidemiol 17 :69– 75.
-
19
Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Nymadawa P, Rinchin A, Kimball AM, 2002 . Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year olds. Prev Med 34 :207– 214.
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20
Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Tsendjav O, Dambasuren B, Densmaa B, 2004 . Exposure of hepatitis B vaccine to freezing temperatures during transport to rural health centers in Mongolia. Prev Med 39 :384– 388.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 101 | 76 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 352 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 86 | 4 | 2 |
Results from Nationwide Hepatitis B Serosurvey in Cambodia using Simple and Rapid Laboratory Test: Implications for National Immunization Program
Sann Chan Soeung
Sann Chan Soeung
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Manju Rani
Manju Rani
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Vu Huong
Vu Huong
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Savay Sarath
Savay Sarath
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chea Kimly
Chea Kimly
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Toda Kohei
Toda Kohei
Ministry of Health Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Expanded Program on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines; PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chronic liver infection and cancer in the western Pacific region is disproportionate to the population globally. This study provides the first nationwide estimates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence in Cambodia among children five year of age. Using a simple and rapid test for HBsAg and multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design, we estimated HBsAg seroprevalence to be 3.5% (95% confidence interval = 2.4–4.8%) among five-year old children. Triangulating the results with other studies, we demonstrate the importance of interrupting perinatal transmission and one-time catch-up vaccination of older children born before nationwide introduction of vaccination for effective hepatitis B control in Cambodia and for reaching the disease control goal of less than 2% chronic infection rates among children ≥ 5 years of age. The results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting nationwide serosurveys using simple and rapid tests to evaluate the impact of hepatitis B vaccination programs in lieu of standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Clements CJ, Baoping Y, Crouch A, Hipgrave D, Mansoor O, Nelson CB, Treleaven S, Konkelenberg RV, Wiersma S, 2006 . Progress in the control of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific Region. Vaccine 24 :1975– 1982.
-
2
Gust ID, 1996 . Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific and South East Asia. Gut 38 :18– 23.
-
3
World Bank, 2007 . World Bank Development Indicators Database. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATA-STATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf . Accessed September 16, 2008.
-
4
Snitbhan R, Scott R, Bancroft WH, Top FH Jr, Chiewsilp D, 1975 . Subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in south-east Asia. J Infect Dis 131 :708– 711.
-
5
Thuring EG, Joller-Jemelka HI, Sareth H, Sokhan U, Reth C, Grob P, 1993 . Prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses A, B, C and of HIV in healthy individuals and patients of a Cambodian province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24 :239– 249.
-
6
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, De Silva SL, Chea L, Nuon S, Saykao P, Bak N, Biggs BA, 2005 . Knowledge about hepatitis and previous exposure to hepatitis viruses in immigrants and refugees from Mekong Region. Aust N Z J Public Health 29 :64– 68.
-
7
Catanzaro A, Moser RJ, 1982 . Health Status of refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. JAMA 247 :1303– 1308.
-
8
Yao GB, 1996 . Importance of perinatal versus horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in China. Gut 38 :39– 42.
-
9
Hipgrave DB, Nguyen TV, Vu MH, Hoang TL, Do TD, Trung NT, Jolley D, Maynard JE, Biggs BA, 2003 . Hepatitis B infection in rural Vietnam and the implications for a national program of infant immunization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :288– 294.
-
10
Liang XF, Chen YS, Wang XJ, He X, Chen LJ, Wang J, Lin CY, Bai HQ, Yan J, Cui G, Yu JJ, 2005 . A study of seroepidemiology of hepatitis B in Chinese population aged over 3-years old: the report from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chin J of Epidemiol 26 :655– 658.
-
11
Lien TX, Tien NT, Chanpong GF, Cao TC, Vii TY, Soderquist R, Laras K, Corwin A, 2000 . Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis b surface antigen, and syphilis in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :301– 309.
-
12
World Health Organization, 2001 . Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Assays: Operational Characteristics (Phase I). Report 1. Blood Safety and Clinical Technology . Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/BCT/BTS/01.4.
-
13
World Health Organization, 2004 . Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Assays: Operational Characteristics (Phase I). Report 2. Blood Safety and Clinical Technology . Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/BCT/BTS/01.4.
-
14
Vong S, Perz JF, Sok S, Som S, Goldstein S, Hutin Y, Tulloch J, 2005 . Rapid assessment of injection practices in Cambodia, 2002. BMC Public Health 5 :56– 62.
-
15
James L, Fong CW, Foong BH, Wee MK, Chow A, Shim E, Chew SK, 2001 . Hepatitis B seroprevalence study 1999. Singapore Med J 42 :420– 424.
-
16
Ng KP, Saw TL, Baki A, Rozainah K, Pang KW, Ramanathan M, 2005 . Impact of the expanded program on immunization against hepatitis B infection in school children in Malaysia. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 194 :163– 168.
-
17
National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics (Cambodia) and ORC Macro, 2006 . Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005 . Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Calverton, Maryland: National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics and ORC Macro.
-
18
Davaalkham D, Ojima T, Uehara R, Watanabe M, Oki I, Wiersma S, Nyamadawa P, Nakamura Y, 2007 . Impact of the universal hepatitis B immunization program in Mongolia: achievements and challenges. J Epidemiol 17 :69– 75.
-
19
Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Nymadawa P, Rinchin A, Kimball AM, 2002 . Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year olds. Prev Med 34 :207– 214.
-
20
Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Tsendjav O, Dambasuren B, Densmaa B, 2004 . Exposure of hepatitis B vaccine to freezing temperatures during transport to rural health centers in Mongolia. Prev Med 39 :384– 388.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 101 | 76 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 352 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 86 | 4 | 2 |