ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Flanagan PA, 1992. Giardia: diagnosis, clinical course and epidemiology: a review. Epidemiol Infect 109 :1–22.
-
2
Hartong WA, Gourley WK, Arvanitakis C, 1979. Giardiasis: clinical spectrum and functional-structural abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 7 :61–69.
-
3
Andersen YS, Gillin FD, Eckmann L, 2006. Adaptive immunity-dependent intestinal hypermotility contributes to host defense against Giardia spp. Infect Immun 74 :2473–2476.
-
4
Furtado C, Adak GK, Stuart JM, Wall PG, Evans HS, Casemore DP, 1998. Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–1995. Epidemiol Infect 121 :109–119.
-
5
Karanis P, Kourenti C, Smith H, 2007. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health 5 :1–38.
-
6
Gilman RH, Brown KH, Visvesvara GS, Mondal G, Greenberg B, Sack RB, Brandt F, Khan MU, 1985. Epidemiology and serology of Giardia lamblia in a developing country: Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :469–473.
-
7
Oyerinde JP, Ogunbi O, Alonge AA, 1977. Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population. Int J Epidemiol 6 :231–234.
-
8
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Miranda E, Vestegui M, Martinez H, 1988. Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world community. Lancet 1 :343–345.
-
9
Farthing MJ, Mata L, Urrutia JJ, Kronmal RA, 1986. Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth. Am J Clin Nutr 43 :395–405.
-
10
Cifuentes E, Suarez L, Espinosa M, Juarez-Figueroa L, Martinez-Palomo A, 2004. Risk of Giardia intestinalis infection in children from an artificially recharged groundwater area in Mexico City. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :65–70.
-
11
Quihui L, Valencia ME, Crompton DW, Phillips S, Hagan P, Morales G, Diaz-Camacho SP, 2006. Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren. BMC Public Health 6 :225–232.
-
12
Sanchez-Vega JT, Tay-Zavala J, Aguilar-Chiu A, Ruiz-Sanchez D, Malagon F, Rodriguez-Covarrubias JA, Ordonez-Martinez J, Calderon-Romero L, 2006. Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal protozoan infections in children less than one year of age in Mexico City. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1095–1098.
-
13
Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Santosham M, Ryder RW, Yolken RH, 1986. Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Giardia lamblia in four diverse populations. J Clin Microbiol 24 :972–975.
-
14
Nygard K, Schimmer B, Sobstad O, Walde A, Tveit I, Langeland N, Hausken T, Aavitsland P, 2006. A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis: delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area. BMC Public Health 6 :141–150.
-
15
Naik SR, Raue NR, Vinayak VK, 1978. A comparative evaluation of examinations of three stool samples, jejunal aspirate and jejunal mucosal impression smears in the diagnosis of giardiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :491–492.
-
16
Thornton SA, West AH, DuPont HL, Pickering LK, 1983. Comparison of methods for identification of Giardia lamblia. Am J Clin Pathol 80 :858–860.
-
17
Addiss DG, Mathews HM, Stewart JM, Wahlquist SP, Williams RM, Finton RJ, Spencer HC, Juranek DD, 1991. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1137–1142.
-
18
Janoff EN, Craft JC, Pickering LK, Novotny T, Blaser MJ, Knisley CV, Reller LB, 1989. Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections by detection of parasite-specific antigens. J Clin Microbiol 27 :431–435.
-
19
Yolken RH, Ungar B, 1985. ELISA detection of Giardia lamblia. Lancet 2 :1120.
-
20
Janoff EN, Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Glode MP, Blaser MJ, 1990. Serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia by age in populations in Colorado and Thailand. West J Med 152 :253–256.
-
21
Smith PD, Gillin FD, Brown WR, Nash TE, 1981. IgG antibody to Giardia lamblia detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastroenterology 80 :1476–1480.
-
22
Birkhead G, Janoff EN, Vogt RL, Smith PD, 1989. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin A to Giardia lamblia during a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1707–1710.
-
23
Novotny TE, Hopkins RS, Shillam P, Janoff EN, 1990. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for infection among children attending day-care facilities in Denver. Public Health Rep 105 :72–75.
-
24
Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G, Park HS, Yolken RH, 1985. Prevalence of serum and milk antibodies to Giardia lamblia in different populations of lactating women. J Infect Dis 152 :1025–1031.
-
25
Magos-Lopez C, Sanchez-Villarreal F, Gutierrez G, Tapia-Conyer R, 1992. The National Serum Bank. Salud Publica Mex 34 :136–147.
-
26
Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Methodology of the National Seroepidemiologic Survey, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :124–135.
-
27
Torres J, Leal-Herrera Y, Perez-Perez G, Gomez A, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Cedillo-Rivera R, Tapia-Conyer R, Munoz O, 1998. A community-based seroepidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori infection in Mexico. J Infect Dis 178 :1089–1094.
-
28
Lopez-Merino A, Migranas-Ortiz R, Perez-Miravete A, Magos C, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Tapia-Conyer R, Valdespino JL, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of brucellosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :230–240.
-
29
Gordillo G, Torres J, Solorzano F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Tapia-Conyer R, Munoz O, 1999. Serologic evidences suggesting the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Mexico. Arch Med Res 30 :64–68.
-
30
Velasco-Castrejon O, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Valdespino JL, Sedano-Lara AM, Galindo-Virgen S, Magos C, Llausas A, Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :222–229.
-
31
Larralde C, Padilla A, Hernandez M, Govezensky T, Sciutto E, Gutierrez G, Salvatierra B, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of cysticercosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :197–210.
-
32
Gonzalez CR, Isibasi A, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Paniagua J, Garcia JA, Ramirez A, Salvatierra B, Tapia R, Sepulveda J, Gutierrez G, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in Mexico measured by ELISA. Epidemiol Infect 115 :535–543.
-
33
Velasco-Castrejon O, Valdespino JL, Tapia-Conyer R, Salvatierra B, Guzman-Bracho C, Magos C, Llausas A, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of Chagas disease in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :186–196.
-
34
Kunz I, Cortina M, Gonzalez Block MA, 1986. Socioeconomic, demographic and health regionalization of the Mexican Republic: an instrument for planning and research in primary health care. Salud Publica Mex 28 :681–698.
-
35
Cedillo-Rivera R, Darby JM, Enciso-Moreno JA, Ortega-Pierres G, Ey PL, 2003. Genetic homogeneity of axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis derived from acute and chronically infected individuals in Mexico. Parasitol Res 90 :119–123.
-
36
Cedillo-Rivera R, Enciso-Moreno JA, Martinez-Palomo A, Ortega PG, 1991. Isolation and axenization of Giardia lamblia isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Mexico. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 22 :79–85.
-
37
Isaac-Renton J, Moorehead W, Ross A, 1996. Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: cyst levels, parasite viability, and health impact. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 :47–54.
-
38
Stuart JM, Orr HJ, Warburton FG, Jeyakanth S, Pugh C, Morris I, Sarangi J, Nichols G, 2003. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :229–233.
-
39
Kasim AA, Elhelu MA, 1983. Giardiasis in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 40 :155–158.
-
40
Islam A, 1990. Giardiasis in developing countries. Meyer EA, eds. Giardiasis. New York: Elsevier Science; 235–266.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 392 | 314 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 455 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 196 | 4 | 1 |
Seroepidemiology of Giardiasis in Mexico
Roberto Cedillo-Rivera
Roberto Cedillo-Rivera
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Yelda A. Leal
Yelda A. Leal
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Lilián Yépez-Mulia
Lilián Yépez-Mulia
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Alejandro Gómez-Delgado
Alejandro Gómez-Delgado
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Roberto Tapia-Conyer
Roberto Tapia-Conyer
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Onofre Muñoz
Onofre Muñoz
Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México; Mexico; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México, México City, México
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Prevalence of antibodies against Giardia duodenalis was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from a national serologic survey of Mexico that included all geographic areas and socioeconomic and demographic data for each person sampled. The country was divided into four regions on the basis of development (high, medium high, medium low, and low). Of 3,461 serum samples tested, 1,914 (55.3%) were positive for IgG antibodies against Giardia duodenalis. Seropositivity was age-specific; the probability of seropositivity increased 4.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.16–7.64) in adolescents 10–19 years of age, 8.0-fold (95% CI = 5.19–12.53) in young adults 20–39 years of age, and 12.6-fold (95% CI = 7.93–20.28) in adults more than 40 years of age. Giardia duodenalis seropositivity was associated with male sex (odds ratio = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.22–1.61). No association was found between seropositivity and socioeconomic variables or regional development status.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Flanagan PA, 1992. Giardia: diagnosis, clinical course and epidemiology: a review. Epidemiol Infect 109 :1–22.
-
2
Hartong WA, Gourley WK, Arvanitakis C, 1979. Giardiasis: clinical spectrum and functional-structural abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 7 :61–69.
-
3
Andersen YS, Gillin FD, Eckmann L, 2006. Adaptive immunity-dependent intestinal hypermotility contributes to host defense against Giardia spp. Infect Immun 74 :2473–2476.
-
4
Furtado C, Adak GK, Stuart JM, Wall PG, Evans HS, Casemore DP, 1998. Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–1995. Epidemiol Infect 121 :109–119.
-
5
Karanis P, Kourenti C, Smith H, 2007. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health 5 :1–38.
-
6
Gilman RH, Brown KH, Visvesvara GS, Mondal G, Greenberg B, Sack RB, Brandt F, Khan MU, 1985. Epidemiology and serology of Giardia lamblia in a developing country: Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :469–473.
-
7
Oyerinde JP, Ogunbi O, Alonge AA, 1977. Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population. Int J Epidemiol 6 :231–234.
-
8
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Miranda E, Vestegui M, Martinez H, 1988. Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world community. Lancet 1 :343–345.
-
9
Farthing MJ, Mata L, Urrutia JJ, Kronmal RA, 1986. Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth. Am J Clin Nutr 43 :395–405.
-
10
Cifuentes E, Suarez L, Espinosa M, Juarez-Figueroa L, Martinez-Palomo A, 2004. Risk of Giardia intestinalis infection in children from an artificially recharged groundwater area in Mexico City. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :65–70.
-
11
Quihui L, Valencia ME, Crompton DW, Phillips S, Hagan P, Morales G, Diaz-Camacho SP, 2006. Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren. BMC Public Health 6 :225–232.
-
12
Sanchez-Vega JT, Tay-Zavala J, Aguilar-Chiu A, Ruiz-Sanchez D, Malagon F, Rodriguez-Covarrubias JA, Ordonez-Martinez J, Calderon-Romero L, 2006. Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal protozoan infections in children less than one year of age in Mexico City. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1095–1098.
-
13
Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Santosham M, Ryder RW, Yolken RH, 1986. Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Giardia lamblia in four diverse populations. J Clin Microbiol 24 :972–975.
-
14
Nygard K, Schimmer B, Sobstad O, Walde A, Tveit I, Langeland N, Hausken T, Aavitsland P, 2006. A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis: delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area. BMC Public Health 6 :141–150.
-
15
Naik SR, Raue NR, Vinayak VK, 1978. A comparative evaluation of examinations of three stool samples, jejunal aspirate and jejunal mucosal impression smears in the diagnosis of giardiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :491–492.
-
16
Thornton SA, West AH, DuPont HL, Pickering LK, 1983. Comparison of methods for identification of Giardia lamblia. Am J Clin Pathol 80 :858–860.
-
17
Addiss DG, Mathews HM, Stewart JM, Wahlquist SP, Williams RM, Finton RJ, Spencer HC, Juranek DD, 1991. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1137–1142.
-
18
Janoff EN, Craft JC, Pickering LK, Novotny T, Blaser MJ, Knisley CV, Reller LB, 1989. Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections by detection of parasite-specific antigens. J Clin Microbiol 27 :431–435.
-
19
Yolken RH, Ungar B, 1985. ELISA detection of Giardia lamblia. Lancet 2 :1120.
-
20
Janoff EN, Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Glode MP, Blaser MJ, 1990. Serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia by age in populations in Colorado and Thailand. West J Med 152 :253–256.
-
21
Smith PD, Gillin FD, Brown WR, Nash TE, 1981. IgG antibody to Giardia lamblia detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastroenterology 80 :1476–1480.
-
22
Birkhead G, Janoff EN, Vogt RL, Smith PD, 1989. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin A to Giardia lamblia during a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 27 :1707–1710.
-
23
Novotny TE, Hopkins RS, Shillam P, Janoff EN, 1990. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for infection among children attending day-care facilities in Denver. Public Health Rep 105 :72–75.
-
24
Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G, Park HS, Yolken RH, 1985. Prevalence of serum and milk antibodies to Giardia lamblia in different populations of lactating women. J Infect Dis 152 :1025–1031.
-
25
Magos-Lopez C, Sanchez-Villarreal F, Gutierrez G, Tapia-Conyer R, 1992. The National Serum Bank. Salud Publica Mex 34 :136–147.
-
26
Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Methodology of the National Seroepidemiologic Survey, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :124–135.
-
27
Torres J, Leal-Herrera Y, Perez-Perez G, Gomez A, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Cedillo-Rivera R, Tapia-Conyer R, Munoz O, 1998. A community-based seroepidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori infection in Mexico. J Infect Dis 178 :1089–1094.
-
28
Lopez-Merino A, Migranas-Ortiz R, Perez-Miravete A, Magos C, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Tapia-Conyer R, Valdespino JL, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of brucellosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :230–240.
-
29
Gordillo G, Torres J, Solorzano F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Tapia-Conyer R, Munoz O, 1999. Serologic evidences suggesting the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Mexico. Arch Med Res 30 :64–68.
-
30
Velasco-Castrejon O, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Valdespino JL, Sedano-Lara AM, Galindo-Virgen S, Magos C, Llausas A, Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :222–229.
-
31
Larralde C, Padilla A, Hernandez M, Govezensky T, Sciutto E, Gutierrez G, Salvatierra B, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of cysticercosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :197–210.
-
32
Gonzalez CR, Isibasi A, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Paniagua J, Garcia JA, Ramirez A, Salvatierra B, Tapia R, Sepulveda J, Gutierrez G, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in Mexico measured by ELISA. Epidemiol Infect 115 :535–543.
-
33
Velasco-Castrejon O, Valdespino JL, Tapia-Conyer R, Salvatierra B, Guzman-Bracho C, Magos C, Llausas A, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of Chagas disease in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34 :186–196.
-
34
Kunz I, Cortina M, Gonzalez Block MA, 1986. Socioeconomic, demographic and health regionalization of the Mexican Republic: an instrument for planning and research in primary health care. Salud Publica Mex 28 :681–698.
-
35
Cedillo-Rivera R, Darby JM, Enciso-Moreno JA, Ortega-Pierres G, Ey PL, 2003. Genetic homogeneity of axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis derived from acute and chronically infected individuals in Mexico. Parasitol Res 90 :119–123.
-
36
Cedillo-Rivera R, Enciso-Moreno JA, Martinez-Palomo A, Ortega PG, 1991. Isolation and axenization of Giardia lamblia isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Mexico. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 22 :79–85.
-
37
Isaac-Renton J, Moorehead W, Ross A, 1996. Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: cyst levels, parasite viability, and health impact. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 :47–54.
-
38
Stuart JM, Orr HJ, Warburton FG, Jeyakanth S, Pugh C, Morris I, Sarangi J, Nichols G, 2003. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :229–233.
-
39
Kasim AA, Elhelu MA, 1983. Giardiasis in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 40 :155–158.
-
40
Islam A, 1990. Giardiasis in developing countries. Meyer EA, eds. Giardiasis. New York: Elsevier Science; 235–266.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 392 | 314 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 455 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 196 | 4 | 1 |