ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ahuja ML, Singh G, 1954. Snake bite in India. Ind J Med Res 42 :661–686.
-
2
Slowinski JB, 1994. The diet of kraits (Elapidae: Bungarus). Herpetol Rev 25 :51–53.
-
3
David P, Ineich I, 1999. Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et répartition. Dumerilia 3 :3–499.
-
4
Wall F, 1921. Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Sri Lanka: H.R. Cottle, Govt. Printer.
-
5
Davy J, 1821. An Account of the Interior of Ceylon and of Its Inhabitants With Travels in That Island. London: Longman.
-
6
Tennent JE, 1861. Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon. London: Longman.
-
7
Fayrer Dr, 1869. Deaths from snake-bites; a trial, condensed from the sessions’ report. Indian Med Gaz 4 :156–157.
-
8
Dempster DR, 1873. Case of death from the bite of a poisonous snake (Bungarus lineatus, Daudin). Edinburgh Med Surg J 47 :165–166.
-
9
Long A, 1884. Fatal case of poisoning by Bungarus caeruleus. BMJ 1 :407–408.
-
10
Willey A, 1905. Identification of poisonous snakes in Ceylon. J Ceylon Branch Br Med Assoc 2 :83–87.
-
11
Ponnambalam C, 1939. Notes on a fatal case of Krait poisoning. Ceylon J Sci (D) V :38–39.
-
12
Warrell DA, Davidson NMcD, Greenwood BM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Prentice CR, 1977. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 46 :33–62.
-
13
Sano-Martins IS, Fan HW, Castro SC, Tomy SC, Franca FO, Jorge MT, Kamiguti AS, Warrell DA, Theakston RD, 1994. Reliability of the simple 20 minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) as an indicator of low plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients envenomed by Bothrops snakes. Toxicon 32 :1045–1050.
-
14
de Silva A, 1981. Snakebite in Anuradhapura District. The Snake 13 :117–130.
-
15
de Silva A, 1987. Some epidemiological and clinical aspects of Bungarus caeruleus bite. Proc Kandy Soc Mede 10 :113–115.
-
16
de Silva A, Mendis S, Warrell DA, 1993. Neurotoxic envenoming by the Sri Lankan krait (Bungarus ceylonicus) complicated by traditional treatment and a reaction to antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :682–684.
-
17
Hati AK, Saha SG, Banerjee D, Banerjee S, 1988. Clinical features of poisoning by common kraits and treatment with polyvalent antivenin. The Snake 20 :140–143.
-
18
Saha SG, Hati AK, 1983. A longitudinal study on snakebites in a subsidiary health centre in West Bengal. The Snake 15 :86–90.
-
19
Saini RK, Singh S, Sharma S, Rampal V, Manhas AS, Gupta VK, 1986. Snake bite poisoning presenting as early morning neuroparalytic syndrome in jhuggi dwellers. J Assoc Physicians India 34 :415–417.
-
20
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :234–238.
-
21
Minton SA, 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 134 :27–184.
-
22
Tun-Pe, Tin-Myint, Aung-Htut, Than-Htut, Aye-Aye-Myint, Nu-Nu-Aung X, 1997. Envenoming by Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus) and banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :686–688.
-
23
Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Theakston RD, Warrell MJ, Kosakarn W, Reid HA, 1983. Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus): response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. BMJ 286 :678–680.
-
24
Pearn JH, 1971. Survival after snake-bite with prolonged neurotoxic envenomation. Med J Aust 2 :259–261.
-
25
Sawai Y, Kawamura Y, Toriba M, Kobayashi T, Wang N-P, Li C-B, Li Z-Y, Li H-P, Tang S-X, 1992. An epidemiological study of snakebites in Guanxi Zhuang autonomous region, China in 1990. The Snake 24 :1–15.
-
26
Kopstein F, 1932. Bungarus javanicus, een nieuwe Javaansche Gift slang. Mededelling over een doodlijke Bungarusbeet. Gneeskunde Tijdschrift Nederland-Indies 72 :136–140.
-
27
de Silva A, 1990. Venomous snakes, their bites and treatment in Sri Lanka. Gopalakrishnakone P, Chou LM, eds. Snakes of Medical Importance. Singapore: National University Singapore, 479–546.
-
28
Sethi PK, Rastogi JK, 1981. Neurological aspects of ophitoxemia (Indian krait)—a clinico-electromyographic study. Indian J Med Res 73 :269–276.
-
29
Theakston RDG, Phillips RE, Warrell DA, Galagedara Y, Abeysekara DTDJ, Dissanayaka P, de Silva A, Aloysius DJ, 1990. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with Haffkine antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :301–308.
-
30
Wall F, 1914. Fatal case of ophitoxaemia. Bite from the common Indian Krait (Bungarus caeruleus). Toxaemia. Indian Med Gaz 49 :253.
-
31
Kularatne SAM, Ratnatunge N, 2004. Autopsy study of common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) bite victims. Lyriocephalus 5 :48–50.
-
32
Summers BA, Harris JB, 1987. Myotoxic effects of krait venoms. Association of British Neurologists Meeting, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, September 22–24, 2004.
-
33
Zha HG, Lee WH, Zhang Y, 2001. Cloning of cDNAs encoding C-type lectins from Elapidae snakes Bungarus fasciatus and Bungarus multicinctus. Toxicon 39 :1887–1892.
-
34
Chappuis F, Sharma SK, Jha N, Loutan L, Bovier PA, 2007. Protection against snake bites by sleeping under a bed net in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :197–199.
-
35
Sutherland SK, Coulter AR, Harris RD, 1979. Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snake bite. Lancet i :183–186.
-
36
Warrell DA, 2006. Australian toxinology in a global context. Toxicon 48 :718–725.
-
37
Simpson ID, Tanwar PD, Andrade C, Kochar DK, Norris RL, 2008. The Ebbinghaus retention curve: training does not increase the ability to apply pressure immobilisation in simulated snake bite-implications for snake bite first aid in the developing world. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 11.
-
38
Warrell DA, 1999. WHO/SEARO guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the Southeast Asian region. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Hlth 30 (Suppl 1):1–85.
-
39
Pungercar J, Krizaj I, 2007. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A2. Toxicon 50 :871–892.
-
40
Nirthanan S, Gwee MC, 2004. Three-finger alpha-neurotoxins and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, forty years on. J Pharmacol Sci 94 :1–17.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 493 | 342 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 1278 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 564 | 7 | 0 |
Distinctive Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) Bites in Sri Lanka
Christeine A. Ariaratnam
Christeine A. Ariaratnam
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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M. H. Rezvi Sheriff
M. H. Rezvi Sheriff
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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R. David G. Theakston
R. David G. Theakston
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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David A. Warrell
David A. Warrell
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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A prospective study was designed to define epidemiologic and clinical features of krait bites to improve diagnosis, management, and prevention. Among 762 cases of venomous snake bites admitted to 10 Sri Lankan hospitals in which the snake responsible was brought and identified, 88 (11.5%) were caused by common kraits (Bungarus caeruleus). Bites were: most frequent in September through November. Distinctive features of B. caeruleus bites (compared with bites by other species in parentheses) were bitten while sleeping on the ground, 100% (1%); indoors, 100% (49%); between 2300 and 0500 hours, 100% (3%). Only 13% of krait victims were bitten on their lower limbs (82%), only 9% had local swelling (in all cases mild) at the site of the bite (93%), 64% developed respiratory paralysis (2%), and 91% experienced (often severe) abdominal pain (10%). Case fatality was 6% (3%). This distinctive pattern of epidemiology and symptoms will aid clinical recognition (syndromic diagnosis) and prevention of krait bite envenoming.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Ahuja ML, Singh G, 1954. Snake bite in India. Ind J Med Res 42 :661–686.
-
2
Slowinski JB, 1994. The diet of kraits (Elapidae: Bungarus). Herpetol Rev 25 :51–53.
-
3
David P, Ineich I, 1999. Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et répartition. Dumerilia 3 :3–499.
-
4
Wall F, 1921. Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Sri Lanka: H.R. Cottle, Govt. Printer.
-
5
Davy J, 1821. An Account of the Interior of Ceylon and of Its Inhabitants With Travels in That Island. London: Longman.
-
6
Tennent JE, 1861. Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon. London: Longman.
-
7
Fayrer Dr, 1869. Deaths from snake-bites; a trial, condensed from the sessions’ report. Indian Med Gaz 4 :156–157.
-
8
Dempster DR, 1873. Case of death from the bite of a poisonous snake (Bungarus lineatus, Daudin). Edinburgh Med Surg J 47 :165–166.
-
9
Long A, 1884. Fatal case of poisoning by Bungarus caeruleus. BMJ 1 :407–408.
-
10
Willey A, 1905. Identification of poisonous snakes in Ceylon. J Ceylon Branch Br Med Assoc 2 :83–87.
-
11
Ponnambalam C, 1939. Notes on a fatal case of Krait poisoning. Ceylon J Sci (D) V :38–39.
-
12
Warrell DA, Davidson NMcD, Greenwood BM, Ormerod LD, Pope HM, Watkins BJ, Prentice CR, 1977. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 46 :33–62.
-
13
Sano-Martins IS, Fan HW, Castro SC, Tomy SC, Franca FO, Jorge MT, Kamiguti AS, Warrell DA, Theakston RD, 1994. Reliability of the simple 20 minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) as an indicator of low plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients envenomed by Bothrops snakes. Toxicon 32 :1045–1050.
-
14
de Silva A, 1981. Snakebite in Anuradhapura District. The Snake 13 :117–130.
-
15
de Silva A, 1987. Some epidemiological and clinical aspects of Bungarus caeruleus bite. Proc Kandy Soc Mede 10 :113–115.
-
16
de Silva A, Mendis S, Warrell DA, 1993. Neurotoxic envenoming by the Sri Lankan krait (Bungarus ceylonicus) complicated by traditional treatment and a reaction to antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :682–684.
-
17
Hati AK, Saha SG, Banerjee D, Banerjee S, 1988. Clinical features of poisoning by common kraits and treatment with polyvalent antivenin. The Snake 20 :140–143.
-
18
Saha SG, Hati AK, 1983. A longitudinal study on snakebites in a subsidiary health centre in West Bengal. The Snake 15 :86–90.
-
19
Saini RK, Singh S, Sharma S, Rampal V, Manhas AS, Gupta VK, 1986. Snake bite poisoning presenting as early morning neuroparalytic syndrome in jhuggi dwellers. J Assoc Physicians India 34 :415–417.
-
20
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :234–238.
-
21
Minton SA, 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 134 :27–184.
-
22
Tun-Pe, Tin-Myint, Aung-Htut, Than-Htut, Aye-Aye-Myint, Nu-Nu-Aung X, 1997. Envenoming by Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus) and banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :686–688.
-
23
Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Theakston RD, Warrell MJ, Kosakarn W, Reid HA, 1983. Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus): response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. BMJ 286 :678–680.
-
24
Pearn JH, 1971. Survival after snake-bite with prolonged neurotoxic envenomation. Med J Aust 2 :259–261.
-
25
Sawai Y, Kawamura Y, Toriba M, Kobayashi T, Wang N-P, Li C-B, Li Z-Y, Li H-P, Tang S-X, 1992. An epidemiological study of snakebites in Guanxi Zhuang autonomous region, China in 1990. The Snake 24 :1–15.
-
26
Kopstein F, 1932. Bungarus javanicus, een nieuwe Javaansche Gift slang. Mededelling over een doodlijke Bungarusbeet. Gneeskunde Tijdschrift Nederland-Indies 72 :136–140.
-
27
de Silva A, 1990. Venomous snakes, their bites and treatment in Sri Lanka. Gopalakrishnakone P, Chou LM, eds. Snakes of Medical Importance. Singapore: National University Singapore, 479–546.
-
28
Sethi PK, Rastogi JK, 1981. Neurological aspects of ophitoxemia (Indian krait)—a clinico-electromyographic study. Indian J Med Res 73 :269–276.
-
29
Theakston RDG, Phillips RE, Warrell DA, Galagedara Y, Abeysekara DTDJ, Dissanayaka P, de Silva A, Aloysius DJ, 1990. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with Haffkine antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :301–308.
-
30
Wall F, 1914. Fatal case of ophitoxaemia. Bite from the common Indian Krait (Bungarus caeruleus). Toxaemia. Indian Med Gaz 49 :253.
-
31
Kularatne SAM, Ratnatunge N, 2004. Autopsy study of common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) bite victims. Lyriocephalus 5 :48–50.
-
32
Summers BA, Harris JB, 1987. Myotoxic effects of krait venoms. Association of British Neurologists Meeting, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, September 22–24, 2004.
-
33
Zha HG, Lee WH, Zhang Y, 2001. Cloning of cDNAs encoding C-type lectins from Elapidae snakes Bungarus fasciatus and Bungarus multicinctus. Toxicon 39 :1887–1892.
-
34
Chappuis F, Sharma SK, Jha N, Loutan L, Bovier PA, 2007. Protection against snake bites by sleeping under a bed net in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :197–199.
-
35
Sutherland SK, Coulter AR, Harris RD, 1979. Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snake bite. Lancet i :183–186.
-
36
Warrell DA, 2006. Australian toxinology in a global context. Toxicon 48 :718–725.
-
37
Simpson ID, Tanwar PD, Andrade C, Kochar DK, Norris RL, 2008. The Ebbinghaus retention curve: training does not increase the ability to apply pressure immobilisation in simulated snake bite-implications for snake bite first aid in the developing world. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 11.
-
38
Warrell DA, 1999. WHO/SEARO guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the Southeast Asian region. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Hlth 30 (Suppl 1):1–85.
-
39
Pungercar J, Krizaj I, 2007. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A2. Toxicon 50 :871–892.
-
40
Nirthanan S, Gwee MC, 2004. Three-finger alpha-neurotoxins and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, forty years on. J Pharmacol Sci 94 :1–17.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 493 | 342 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 1278 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 564 | 7 | 0 |