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-
1
World Health Organization, 1991. Control of Chagas Disease. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas’ disease: second report of a WHO Expert Committee. Wld Hlth Org Tech Rep Ser 905 :1–109.
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SWG - Scientific Working Group, 2005. Report of the Scientific Working Group on Chagas Disease, Buenos Aires, Argentina 17–20 April (2005). Available at: http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/chagas/swg_chagas.pdf. Accessed July 18, 2007.
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Costa J, Barth OM, Marchon-Silva V, Almeida CE, Freitas-Sibajev MGR, Panzera F, 1997. Morphological studies on the Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva,1911 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) genital structures and eggs of different chromatic forms. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :493–498.
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8
Costa J, Marchon-Silva V, 1998. Período de intermuda e resistência ao jejum de diferentes populações de Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Entomol Vect 5 :23–34.
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9
Costa J, Almeida CE, Dujardin JP, Beard CB, 2003. Crossing experiments detect genetic incompatibility among populations of Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :637–639.
-
10
Costa J, Almeida JR, Britto C, Duarte R, Marchon-Silva V, Pacheco RS, 1998. Ecotopes natural infection and trophic resources of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :7–13.
-
11
Costa J, Freitas-Sibajev MGR, Marchon-Silva V, Pires MQ, Pacheco RS, 1997. Isoenzymes detect variation in populations of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :459–464.
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12
Monteiro FA, Donnelly MJ, Beard CB, Costa J, 2004. Nested clade and phylogeographic analyses of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32 :46–56.
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13
Costa J, Argolo AM, Felix M, 2006. Redescription of Triatoma melanica Neiva & Lent, 1941, new status (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Zootaxa 1385 :47–52.
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Costa J, Felix M, 2007. Triatoma juazeirensis sp. nov. from the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 102 :87–90.
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15
Costa J, Almeida CE, Dotson EM, Lins A, Vinhaes M, Silveira AC, Beard CB, 2003. The epidemiologic importance of Triatoma brasiliensis as a Chagas disease vector in Brazil: a revision of domiciliary captures during 1993–1999. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :443–449.
-
16
Silveira AC, Vinhaes MC, Lira E, Araújo E, 2001. O Controle de Triatoma Brasiliensis e Triatoma Pseudomaculata. I: Estudo do Tempo de Reposição das Condições de Transmissão da Doença de Chagas por Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata em Areas Submetidas ao Tratamento Químico Domiciliar, e de variáveis Ambientais Relacionadas. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde.
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17
Silveira AC, Vinhaes MC, Lira E, Araújo E, 2001. O Controle de Triatoma Brasiliensis e Triatoma Pseudomaculata. II: Avaliação do Controle Físico, Pela Melhoria Habitacional, e Caracterização do Ambiente Peridomiciliar Mais Menos Favorável à Persistência da Infestação e Reinfestação por Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde.
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Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Tibayrenc M, 1998b. Population structure of Andean Triatoma infestans: allozyme frequencies and their epidemiological relevance. Med Vet Entomol 12 :20–29.
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20
Noireau F, Zegarra M, Ordóñez J, Gutiérrez T, Dujardin JP, 1999. Genetic structure of Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) domestic populations from Bolivia: application on control interventions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :347–351.
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21
Noireau F, Gutierrez T, Flores R, Breniere F, Bosseno MF, Wisnivesky-Colli C, 1999. Ecogenetics of Triatoma sordida and Triatoma guasayana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Bolivian Chaco. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :451–457.
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Schachter-Broide J, Dujardin JP, Kitron U, Gurtler RE, 2004. Spatial structuring of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) populations from northwestern Argentina using wing geometric morphometry. J Med Entomol 41 :643–649.
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23
Borges EC, Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, 2005. Dynamics between sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic populations of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Ceará State, Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 93 :119–126.
-
24
Bargues MD, Klisiowicz DR, Panzera F, Noireau F, Marcilla A, Perez R, Rojas MG, O’Connor JE, Gonzalez-Candelas F, Galvao C, Jurberg J, Carcavallo RU, Dujardin JP, Mas-Coma S, 2006. Origin and phylogeography of the Chagas disease main vector Triatoma infestans based on nuclear rDNA sequences and genome size. Infect Genet Evol 6 :46–62.
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Monteiro FA, Barrett TV, Fitzpatrick S, Cordon-Rosales C, Feliciangeli D, Beard CB, 2003. Molecular phylogeography of the Amazonian Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus. Mol Ecol 12 :997–1006.
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Inferring from the Cyt B Gene the Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Genetic Structure and Domiciliary Infestation in the State of Paraíba, Brazil
Carlos Eduardo Almeida
Carlos Eduardo Almeida
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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Raquel S. Pacheco
Raquel S. Pacheco
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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Karen Haag
Karen Haag
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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Stéphane Dupas
Stéphane Dupas
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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Ellen M. Dotson
Ellen M. Dotson
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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Jane Costa
Jane Costa
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR072 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Laboratorio de Entomología, Quito, Ecuador; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCID, Chamblee, Georgia
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The Triatoma brasiliensis genetic structure was analyzed using the Cyt B gene in different geographic locations and ecotopes after a short and long period after insecticide treatment. Four different localities (16–40 km apart) in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, were sampled. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that grouping populations according to the geographic location or ecotope resulted in a higher variance among populations within groups (ΦSC ranging from 0.15 to 0.17) than among groups (ΦCT ranging from 0.04 to 0.07). The percentage of variation was reduced among populations within groups and increased among groups (ΦSC = 0.08, ΦCT = 0.16) by grouping 1) the domiciliary populations from each village and 2) all wild populations. These data indicated that T. brasiliensis is genetically structured both ecologically and at a smaller geographic scale for domiciliary populations. Re-infestations after insecticide treatment were composed of distinct populations, pointing to variable population sources for domiciliary infestations.
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-
1
World Health Organization, 1991. Control of Chagas Disease. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas’ disease: second report of a WHO Expert Committee. Wld Hlth Org Tech Rep Ser 905 :1–109.
-
3
World Bank, 1993. World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
4
Miles MA, 1993. Culturing and biological cloning of Trypanosoma cruzi. Methods Mol Biol 21 :15–28.
-
5
SWG - Scientific Working Group, 2005. Report of the Scientific Working Group on Chagas Disease, Buenos Aires, Argentina 17–20 April (2005). Available at: http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/chagas/swg_chagas.pdf. Accessed July 18, 2007.
-
6
Silveira AC, Rezende DF, 1994. Epidemiologia e controle da transmissão vetorial da doença de Chagas no Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 27 :11–22.
-
7
Costa J, Barth OM, Marchon-Silva V, Almeida CE, Freitas-Sibajev MGR, Panzera F, 1997. Morphological studies on the Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva,1911 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) genital structures and eggs of different chromatic forms. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :493–498.
-
8
Costa J, Marchon-Silva V, 1998. Período de intermuda e resistência ao jejum de diferentes populações de Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Entomol Vect 5 :23–34.
-
9
Costa J, Almeida CE, Dujardin JP, Beard CB, 2003. Crossing experiments detect genetic incompatibility among populations of Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :637–639.
-
10
Costa J, Almeida JR, Britto C, Duarte R, Marchon-Silva V, Pacheco RS, 1998. Ecotopes natural infection and trophic resources of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :7–13.
-
11
Costa J, Freitas-Sibajev MGR, Marchon-Silva V, Pires MQ, Pacheco RS, 1997. Isoenzymes detect variation in populations of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :459–464.
-
12
Monteiro FA, Donnelly MJ, Beard CB, Costa J, 2004. Nested clade and phylogeographic analyses of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32 :46–56.
-
13
Costa J, Argolo AM, Felix M, 2006. Redescription of Triatoma melanica Neiva & Lent, 1941, new status (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Zootaxa 1385 :47–52.
-
14
Costa J, Felix M, 2007. Triatoma juazeirensis sp. nov. from the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 102 :87–90.
-
15
Costa J, Almeida CE, Dotson EM, Lins A, Vinhaes M, Silveira AC, Beard CB, 2003. The epidemiologic importance of Triatoma brasiliensis as a Chagas disease vector in Brazil: a revision of domiciliary captures during 1993–1999. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :443–449.
-
16
Silveira AC, Vinhaes MC, Lira E, Araújo E, 2001. O Controle de Triatoma Brasiliensis e Triatoma Pseudomaculata. I: Estudo do Tempo de Reposição das Condições de Transmissão da Doença de Chagas por Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata em Areas Submetidas ao Tratamento Químico Domiciliar, e de variáveis Ambientais Relacionadas. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde.
-
17
Silveira AC, Vinhaes MC, Lira E, Araújo E, 2001. O Controle de Triatoma Brasiliensis e Triatoma Pseudomaculata. II: Avaliação do Controle Físico, Pela Melhoria Habitacional, e Caracterização do Ambiente Peridomiciliar Mais Menos Favorável à Persistência da Infestação e Reinfestação por Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde.
-
18
Dujardin JP, Munoz M, Chavez T, Ponce C, Moreno J, Schofield CJ, 1998. The origin of Rhodnius prolixus in Central America. Med Vet Entomol 12 :113–115.
-
19
Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Tibayrenc M, 1998b. Population structure of Andean Triatoma infestans: allozyme frequencies and their epidemiological relevance. Med Vet Entomol 12 :20–29.
-
20
Noireau F, Zegarra M, Ordóñez J, Gutiérrez T, Dujardin JP, 1999. Genetic structure of Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) domestic populations from Bolivia: application on control interventions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :347–351.
-
21
Noireau F, Gutierrez T, Flores R, Breniere F, Bosseno MF, Wisnivesky-Colli C, 1999. Ecogenetics of Triatoma sordida and Triatoma guasayana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Bolivian Chaco. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :451–457.
-
22
Schachter-Broide J, Dujardin JP, Kitron U, Gurtler RE, 2004. Spatial structuring of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) populations from northwestern Argentina using wing geometric morphometry. J Med Entomol 41 :643–649.
-
23
Borges EC, Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, 2005. Dynamics between sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic populations of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Ceará State, Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 93 :119–126.
-
24
Bargues MD, Klisiowicz DR, Panzera F, Noireau F, Marcilla A, Perez R, Rojas MG, O’Connor JE, Gonzalez-Candelas F, Galvao C, Jurberg J, Carcavallo RU, Dujardin JP, Mas-Coma S, 2006. Origin and phylogeography of the Chagas disease main vector Triatoma infestans based on nuclear rDNA sequences and genome size. Infect Genet Evol 6 :46–62.
-
25
Leal IR, Silva JMC, Tabarelli M, Lacher TEJ, 2005. Mudando o curso da conservação da biodiversidade na Caatinga do Nordeste do Brasil. Megadiversidade 1 :139–146.
-
26
Junior OF, 2007. GPS TrackMaker 13.1. Available at: http://www.gpstm.com. Accessed September 18, 2007.
-
27
Lacher TEJ, 1981. The comparative social behavior of Kerodon rupestris and Galea spixii and the evolution of behavior in the Caviidae. Bull Carnegie Mus 17 :1–71.
-
28
Lent H, Wygodzinsky P, 1979. Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vectors of Chagas’ disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 163 :125–520.
-
29
Galvão AB, 1956. Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma n. subsp. (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Rev Bras Malariol Doen Trop 7 :455–457.
-
30
Lyman DF, Monteiro FA, Escalante AA, Cordon-Rosales C, Wesson DM, Dujardin JP, Beard CB, 1999. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among triatomine vectors of Chagas disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :377–386.
-
31
Monteiro FA, Barrett TV, Fitzpatrick S, Cordon-Rosales C, Feliciangeli D, Beard CB, 2003. Molecular phylogeography of the Amazonian Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus. Mol Ecol 12 :997–1006.
-
32
Kleywegt GJ, Zou JY, Kjeldgaard M, Jones TA, 2001. Around O. Rossmann MG, Arnold E, eds. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. F. Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 353–356, 366–367.
-
33
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5 :150–163.
-
34
Tajima F, 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123 :585–595.
-
35
Rozas J, Sánchez-Delbarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R, 2003. DNAsp, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19 :2496–2497.
-
36
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM, 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131 :479–491.
-
37
Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S, 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinformatics Online 1 :47–50.
-
38
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L, 2000. ARLEQUIN, Version 2.000: A Software for Population Genetics Data Analysis. Geneva: Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva.
-
39
Slatkin M, 1985. Gene flow in natural populations. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 16 :393–430.
-
40
Slatkin M, 1993. Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations. Evolution Int J Org Evolution 47 :264–279.
-
41
Slatkin M, 1995. A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139 :457–462.
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