ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Yohannes M, Haile M, Ghebreyesus T, Witten K, Getachew A, Byass P, Lindsay SW, 2005. Can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia? Trop Med Int Health 10 :1274–1285.
-
2
Oomen J, de Wolf J, Jobin W, 1990. Health and Irrigation. Incorporation of Disease-Control Measures in Irrigation, a Multi-Faceted Task in Design, Construction, Operation. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
-
3
Lacey L, Lacey C, 1990. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. J Am Mosq Contr Assoc 6 :3–93.
-
4
International Irrigation Management Institute, 1986. Proceedings of the Workshop on Irrigation and Vector-Borne Disease Transmission. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
-
5
Oomen J, de Wolf J, Jobin W, 1988. Health and Irrigation: Incorporation of Disease-Control Measures in Irrigation, a Multi-Faceted Task in Design, Construction, Operation. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
-
6
Robert V, Van den Broek A, Stevens P, Slootweg R, Petrarca V, Coluzzi M, Le Goff G, Di Deco MA, Carnevale P, 1992. Mosquitoes and malaria transmission in irrigated rice-fields in the Benoue valley of northern Cameroon. Acta Trop 52 :201–204.
-
7
Coosemans M, 1985. Comparison of malarial endemicity in a rice-growing zone and in a cotton-growing zone in the Rusizi Plain, Burundi. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 65 :187–200.
-
8
Sissoko MS, Dicko A, Briet OJT, Sissoko MS, Sagara I, Keita H, Sogoba M, Rogier C, Toure Y, Doumbo O, 2004. Malaria incidence in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali. Acta Trop 89 :161–170.
-
9
Robert V, Gazin P, Boudin C, 1985. The transmission of malaria in a wooded savanna zone and a rice-growing zone in the vicinity of Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 65 :201–214.
-
10
Ijumba JN, 1997. The Impact of Rice and Sugarcane Irrigation on Malaria Transmission in the Lower Moshi Area of Northern Tanzania. Copenhagen, Denmark: Department of Population Biology, Zoological Institute of Denmark, University of Copenhagen.
-
11
Ijumba J, Mosha F, Lindsay S, 2002. Malaria transmission risk variations derived from different agricultural practices in an irrigated area of northern Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 16 :28–38.
-
12
Githeko A, Service MW, Mbogo CM, Atieli FK, Juma FO, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87 :379–391.
-
13
Faye O, Fontenille D, Gaye O, 1995. Malaria and rice growing in the Senegal River delta (Senegal). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 75 :179–189.
-
14
Mutero C, Kabutha C, Kimani V, Kabuage L, Gitau G, Ssennyonga J, Githure J, Muthami L, Kaida A, Musyoka L, Kiarie E, Oganda M, 2004. A transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in Kenya. Acta Trop 89 :171–186.
-
15
Muturi J, Shililu J, Jacob B, Githure J, Gu W, Novak R, 2006. Mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. J Vector Ecol 31 :129–137.
-
16
Muturi E, Shililu J, Gu W, Jacob B, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Larval habitat dynamics and diversity of Culex mosquitoes in rice agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :95–102.
-
17
Ijumba J, Mwangi R, Beier JC, 1990. Malaria transmission potential of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme, Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 4 :425–432.
-
18
Mutero CM, Blank H, Konradsen F, Hoek W, 2000. Water management for controling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. ICIPE, Nairobi. Acta Trop 76 :253–256.
-
19
Muturi EJ, Mwangangi JM, Shililu J, Muriu S, Jacob B, Kabiru EW, Gu W, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito species succession and the physicochemical factors affecting their abundance in rice fields in Mwea, Kenya. J Med Entomol 44 :336–344.
-
20
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Edwards F, 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. London: British Museum of Natural History.
-
22
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afro-Tropical Region). Johannesberg, South Africa: Publication of the South African Institute of Medical Research 55 :1–143.
-
23
Beier JC, Perkins PV, Wirtz RA, Koros J, Diggs D, Gargan TP, Koech DK, 1988. Blood meal identification by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tested on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya. J Med Entomol 25 :9–16.
-
24
Wirtz R, Zavala F, Graves P, Andre G, 1987. Field evaluation of ELISA for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
-
25
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Kihonda J, Heiz B, Billingsley PF, Takken W, 1995. Density independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res 85 :29–35.
-
26
Beier JC, 2002. Vector incrimination and entomological inoculation rates. Methods Mol Med 72 :3–11.
-
27
Githeko A, Service M, Mbogo C, Atieli F, 1996. Resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large scale agricultural areas of Western Kenya. Parassitologia 38 :481–489.
-
28
Briet J, Dossou-Yovo J, Akodo E, van de Giesen N, Teucher M, 2003. The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah and forest zone of Côte d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :439–448.
-
29
Dolo G, Briet OJ, Dao A, Traore SF, Bouare M, Sogoba N, Niare O, Bagayogo M, Sangare D, Teuscher T, Toure YT, 2004. Malaria transmission in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali. Acta Trop 89 :147–159.
-
30
Marrama L, Rajaonarivelo E, Laventure S, Rabarison P, 1995. Anopheles funestus and rice culture on the Plateau of Madagascar. Cahiers Etudes Recherches Francophones Sante 5 :415–419.
-
31
Ijumba J, Lindsay S, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
32
Robert V, Petrarca V, Coluzzi M, Boudin C, Carnevale P, Chippaux JP, Diomande L, 1991. Etude des taux de parturite et d’infection du complexe Anopheles gambiae dans la riziere de la Vallee du Kou, Burkina Faso. Robert V, Chippaux JP, Diomande L, eds. Le Paludisme en Afrique de l’Ouest: Etudes Entomologiques et Epidemiologiques en Zone Rizicole et en Milieu Urbain. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer, 17–35.
-
33
Marrama L, Jambou R, Rakotoarivony I, 2004. Malaria transmission in southern Madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. Part 1. Acta Trop 89 :193–203.
-
34
Keiser J, Caldas de Castro M, Maltese MF, Bos R, Tanner M, Singer BH, Utzinger J, 2004. The effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on global and regional scale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :392–406.
-
35
Garret-Jones C, Shidrawi GR, 1969. Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bull World Health Organ 40 :531–545.
-
36
Diuk-Wasser MA, Toure MB, Dolo G, Bagayogo M, Sogoba N, Traore SF, Manoukis N, Taylor CE, 2005. Vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :725–731.
-
37
Manoukis N, Toure MB, Sissoko I, Doumbia S, Traore SF, Diuk-Wasser MA, Taylor CE, 2006. Is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of Niono, Mali? J Med Entomol 43 :820–827.
-
38
Kamau L, Koekemoer LL, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, 2003. Anopheles parensis: the main member of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) species group found resting inside human dwellings in Mwea area of central Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :130–133.
-
39
Seyoum A, Balcha F, Balkew M, Ali A, Gebre-Michael T, 2002. Impact of cattle keeping on human biting rate of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around Ziway, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 79 :485–490.
-
40
Sota T, Mogi M, 1989. Effectiveness of zooprophylaxis in malaria control: a theoretical inquiry, with a model for mosquito populations with two bloodmeal hosts. Med Vet Entomol 3 :337–345.
-
41
Bouma M, Rowland M, 1995. Failure of passive zooprophylaxis: cattle ownership in Pakistan is associated with a higher prevalence of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :351–353.
-
42
Arunachalam N, Samuel P, Hiriyan J, Rajendran R, Dash A, 2005. Short report: observations on the multiple feeding behavior of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae), the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Kerala in Southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :198–200.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 197 | 124 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 625 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 168 | 4 | 1 |
Effect of Rice Cultivation on Malaria Transmission in Central Kenya
Ephantus J. Muturi
Ephantus J. Muturi
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Simon Muriu
Simon Muriu
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Josephat Shililu
Josephat Shililu
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Joseph Mwangangi
Joseph Mwangangi
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Benjamin G. Jacob
Benjamin G. Jacob
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Charles Mbogo
Charles Mbogo
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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John Githure
John Githure
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Robert J. Novak
Robert J. Novak
Department of Medicine, William C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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A 12-month field study was conducted between April 2004 and March 2005 to determine the association between irrigated rice cultivation and malaria transmission in Mwea, Kenya. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors twice per month in three villages representing non-irrigated, planned, and unplanned rice agro-ecosystems and screened for blood meal sources and Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins. Anopheles arabiensis Patton and An. funestus Giles comprised 98.0% and 1.9%, respectively, of the 39,609 female anophelines collected. Other species including An. pharoensis Theobald, An. maculipalpis Giles, An. pretoriensis Theobald, An. coustani Laveran, and An. rufipes Gough comprised the remaining 0.1%. The density of An. arabiensis was highest in the planned rice village and lowest in the non-irrigated village and that of An. funestus was significantly higher in the non-irrigated village than in irrigated ones. The human blood index (HBI) for An. arabiensis was significantly higher in the non-irrigated village compared with irrigated villages. For An. funestus, the HBI for each village differed significantly from the others, being highest in the non-irrigated village and lowest in the planned rice village. The sporozoite rate and annual entomologic inoculation rate (EIR) for An. arabiensis was 1.1% and 3.0 infective bites per person, respectively with no significant difference among villages. Sporozoite positive An. funestus were detected only in planned rice and non-irrigated villages. Overall, 3.0% of An. funestus samples tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The annual EIR of 2.21 for this species in the non-irrigated village was significantly higher than 0.08 for the planned rice village. We conclude that at least in Mwea Kenya, irrigated rice cultivation may reduce the risk of malaria transmission by An. funestus but has no effect on malaria transmission by An. arabiensis. The zoophilic tendency of malaria vectors in irrigated areas accounts partly for low malaria transmission rates despite the presence of higher vector densities, highlighting the potential of zooprophylaxis in malaria control.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Yohannes M, Haile M, Ghebreyesus T, Witten K, Getachew A, Byass P, Lindsay SW, 2005. Can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia? Trop Med Int Health 10 :1274–1285.
-
2
Oomen J, de Wolf J, Jobin W, 1990. Health and Irrigation. Incorporation of Disease-Control Measures in Irrigation, a Multi-Faceted Task in Design, Construction, Operation. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
-
3
Lacey L, Lacey C, 1990. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. J Am Mosq Contr Assoc 6 :3–93.
-
4
International Irrigation Management Institute, 1986. Proceedings of the Workshop on Irrigation and Vector-Borne Disease Transmission. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
-
5
Oomen J, de Wolf J, Jobin W, 1988. Health and Irrigation: Incorporation of Disease-Control Measures in Irrigation, a Multi-Faceted Task in Design, Construction, Operation. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
-
6
Robert V, Van den Broek A, Stevens P, Slootweg R, Petrarca V, Coluzzi M, Le Goff G, Di Deco MA, Carnevale P, 1992. Mosquitoes and malaria transmission in irrigated rice-fields in the Benoue valley of northern Cameroon. Acta Trop 52 :201–204.
-
7
Coosemans M, 1985. Comparison of malarial endemicity in a rice-growing zone and in a cotton-growing zone in the Rusizi Plain, Burundi. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 65 :187–200.
-
8
Sissoko MS, Dicko A, Briet OJT, Sissoko MS, Sagara I, Keita H, Sogoba M, Rogier C, Toure Y, Doumbo O, 2004. Malaria incidence in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali. Acta Trop 89 :161–170.
-
9
Robert V, Gazin P, Boudin C, 1985. The transmission of malaria in a wooded savanna zone and a rice-growing zone in the vicinity of Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 65 :201–214.
-
10
Ijumba JN, 1997. The Impact of Rice and Sugarcane Irrigation on Malaria Transmission in the Lower Moshi Area of Northern Tanzania. Copenhagen, Denmark: Department of Population Biology, Zoological Institute of Denmark, University of Copenhagen.
-
11
Ijumba J, Mosha F, Lindsay S, 2002. Malaria transmission risk variations derived from different agricultural practices in an irrigated area of northern Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 16 :28–38.
-
12
Githeko A, Service MW, Mbogo CM, Atieli FK, Juma FO, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87 :379–391.
-
13
Faye O, Fontenille D, Gaye O, 1995. Malaria and rice growing in the Senegal River delta (Senegal). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 75 :179–189.
-
14
Mutero C, Kabutha C, Kimani V, Kabuage L, Gitau G, Ssennyonga J, Githure J, Muthami L, Kaida A, Musyoka L, Kiarie E, Oganda M, 2004. A transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in Kenya. Acta Trop 89 :171–186.
-
15
Muturi J, Shililu J, Jacob B, Githure J, Gu W, Novak R, 2006. Mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. J Vector Ecol 31 :129–137.
-
16
Muturi E, Shililu J, Gu W, Jacob B, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Larval habitat dynamics and diversity of Culex mosquitoes in rice agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :95–102.
-
17
Ijumba J, Mwangi R, Beier JC, 1990. Malaria transmission potential of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Mwea-Tebere irrigation scheme, Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 4 :425–432.
-
18
Mutero CM, Blank H, Konradsen F, Hoek W, 2000. Water management for controling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. ICIPE, Nairobi. Acta Trop 76 :253–256.
-
19
Muturi EJ, Mwangangi JM, Shililu J, Muriu S, Jacob B, Kabiru EW, Gu W, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito species succession and the physicochemical factors affecting their abundance in rice fields in Mwea, Kenya. J Med Entomol 44 :336–344.
-
20
World Health Organization, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
21
Edwards F, 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. London: British Museum of Natural History.
-
22
Gillies MT, Coetzee M, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afro-Tropical Region). Johannesberg, South Africa: Publication of the South African Institute of Medical Research 55 :1–143.
-
23
Beier JC, Perkins PV, Wirtz RA, Koros J, Diggs D, Gargan TP, Koech DK, 1988. Blood meal identification by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tested on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya. J Med Entomol 25 :9–16.
-
24
Wirtz R, Zavala F, Graves P, Andre G, 1987. Field evaluation of ELISA for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
-
25
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Kihonda J, Heiz B, Billingsley PF, Takken W, 1995. Density independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res 85 :29–35.
-
26
Beier JC, 2002. Vector incrimination and entomological inoculation rates. Methods Mol Med 72 :3–11.
-
27
Githeko A, Service M, Mbogo C, Atieli F, 1996. Resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large scale agricultural areas of Western Kenya. Parassitologia 38 :481–489.
-
28
Briet J, Dossou-Yovo J, Akodo E, van de Giesen N, Teucher M, 2003. The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah and forest zone of Côte d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :439–448.
-
29
Dolo G, Briet OJ, Dao A, Traore SF, Bouare M, Sogoba N, Niare O, Bagayogo M, Sangare D, Teuscher T, Toure YT, 2004. Malaria transmission in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali. Acta Trop 89 :147–159.
-
30
Marrama L, Rajaonarivelo E, Laventure S, Rabarison P, 1995. Anopheles funestus and rice culture on the Plateau of Madagascar. Cahiers Etudes Recherches Francophones Sante 5 :415–419.
-
31
Ijumba J, Lindsay S, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
32
Robert V, Petrarca V, Coluzzi M, Boudin C, Carnevale P, Chippaux JP, Diomande L, 1991. Etude des taux de parturite et d’infection du complexe Anopheles gambiae dans la riziere de la Vallee du Kou, Burkina Faso. Robert V, Chippaux JP, Diomande L, eds. Le Paludisme en Afrique de l’Ouest: Etudes Entomologiques et Epidemiologiques en Zone Rizicole et en Milieu Urbain. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer, 17–35.
-
33
Marrama L, Jambou R, Rakotoarivony I, 2004. Malaria transmission in southern Madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. Part 1. Acta Trop 89 :193–203.
-
34
Keiser J, Caldas de Castro M, Maltese MF, Bos R, Tanner M, Singer BH, Utzinger J, 2004. The effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on global and regional scale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :392–406.
-
35
Garret-Jones C, Shidrawi GR, 1969. Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bull World Health Organ 40 :531–545.
-
36
Diuk-Wasser MA, Toure MB, Dolo G, Bagayogo M, Sogoba N, Traore SF, Manoukis N, Taylor CE, 2005. Vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :725–731.
-
37
Manoukis N, Toure MB, Sissoko I, Doumbia S, Traore SF, Diuk-Wasser MA, Taylor CE, 2006. Is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of Niono, Mali? J Med Entomol 43 :820–827.
-
38
Kamau L, Koekemoer LL, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, 2003. Anopheles parensis: the main member of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) species group found resting inside human dwellings in Mwea area of central Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :130–133.
-
39
Seyoum A, Balcha F, Balkew M, Ali A, Gebre-Michael T, 2002. Impact of cattle keeping on human biting rate of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around Ziway, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 79 :485–490.
-
40
Sota T, Mogi M, 1989. Effectiveness of zooprophylaxis in malaria control: a theoretical inquiry, with a model for mosquito populations with two bloodmeal hosts. Med Vet Entomol 3 :337–345.
-
41
Bouma M, Rowland M, 1995. Failure of passive zooprophylaxis: cattle ownership in Pakistan is associated with a higher prevalence of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :351–353.
-
42
Arunachalam N, Samuel P, Hiriyan J, Rajendran R, Dash A, 2005. Short report: observations on the multiple feeding behavior of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae), the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Kerala in Southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :198–200.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 197 | 124 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 625 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 168 | 4 | 1 |