ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1
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-
2
Sioli H, 1983. Amazônia,Ffundamentos da Ecologia da Maior Região de Floresta Tropicais. Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil: Vozes Ltd.
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Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
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Cruz Marques A, 1986. Migration and dissemination of malaria in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl. 2):17–30.
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Deane LM, 1986. Malaria vectors in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl. 2):5–14.
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de Arruda ME, Carvalho MB, Nussenzweig RS, Maracic M, Ferreira AW, Cochrane AH, 1986. Potential vectors of malaria and their different susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in northern Brazil identified by immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :873–881.
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Hayes J, Calderón G, Falcón R, Zambrano V, 1987. Newly incriminated anopheline vectors of human malaria parasites in Junin Department, Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :418–422.
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Zimmerman RH, 1992. The ecology of malaria vectors in the Americas and future direction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3):371–383.
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Klein TA, Lima JBP, Toda Tang A, 1992. Vector incrimination and the effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria transmission and control in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3):393–397.
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Tadei WP, Dutary-Thatcher B, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :87–94.
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Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MNO, Souza RTL, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new Neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
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13
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 41 :489–494.
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16
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Teva A, Deane LM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, 1990. Natural malaria infections in anophelines in Rondônia State, Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :6–10.
-
17
Póvoa MM, Wirtz RA, Lacerda RNL, Miles MA, Warhurst D, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, State of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :179–184.
-
18
Silva-Vasconcelos A, Kató MYN, Mourão EM, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Sibajev A, Tsouris P, Póvoa MM, Momen H, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2002. Biting indices, host-seeking activity and natural infection rates of anopheline species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :151–161.
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19
Povoa MM, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Santa Rosa E, Galiza D, Souza JR, Wirtz RA, Schlichting CD, Conn JE, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 :163–168.
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20
Arruda M, Souza RC, Veiga ME, Ferreira AF, Zimmerman RH, 1998. Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax variants VK247 and P. vivax-like human malaria: a retrospective study in indigenous Indian populations of the Amazon region of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :628.
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21
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Pratt-Riccio LR, Arruda M, Santos F, Ribeiro CTD, Golberg AC, Banic DM, 2004. HLA class II and antibody responses to circumsporozoite protein repeats of P. vivax (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. Acta Trop 92 :63–69.
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22
Cavasini MTV, Ribeiro WL, Kawamoto F, Ferreira MU, 2000. How prevalent is Plasmodium malariae in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 33 :489–492.
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Rachou RG, 1958. Anofelinos do Brasil: comportamento das espécies vetoras de malária. Rev Bras Malariol e Doenç Trop 10 :145–181.
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Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1995. The value of vector-based estimates of malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :125–134.
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Mbogo CM, Mwangangi JM, Nzovu J, Gu W, Yan G, Gunter JT, Swalm C, Keating J, Regens JL, Shililu JI, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2003. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :734–742.
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27
Zimmerman RH, Galardo AKR, Lounibos LP, Arruda M, Wirtz RA, 2006. Bloodmeal hosts of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol 43 :947–956.
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Rubio-Palis Y, 1992. Influence of moonlight on light trap catches of the malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari in Venezuela. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8 :178–180.
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Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Graves PM, Andre RG, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
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Wirtz RA, Sattabonkgot J, Hall T, Burkot TR, Rosenberg R, 1992. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Plasmodium vivax-VK247 sporozoites. J Med Entomol 29 :854–857.
-
32
Rubio-Palis Y, Wirtz RA, Curtis CF, 1992. Malaria entomological inoculation rates in western Venezuela. Acta Trop 52 :167–174.
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33
Fontenille D, Meunier JY, Nkondjo AC, Tchuikam T, 2001. Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cameroon. J Med Entomol 38 :451–454.
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Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure J, 1999. Short report: Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :109–113.
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MALARIA VECTOR INCRIMINATION IN THREE RURAL RIVERINE VILLAGES IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
ALLAN KARDEC RIBEIRO GALARDO
ALLAN KARDEC RIBEIRO GALARDO
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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MERCIA ARRUDA
MERCIA ARRUDA
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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ALVARO A. R. D’ALMEIDA COUTO
ALVARO A. R. D’ALMEIDA COUTO
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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ROBERT WIRTZ
ROBERT WIRTZ
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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L. PHILIP LOUNIBOS
L. PHILIP LOUNIBOS
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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ROBERT H. ZIMMERMAN
ROBERT H. ZIMMERMAN
Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá and Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnologicas de Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Gerência de Projeto Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida/IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
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Vector incrimination studies were conducted from April 2003 to February 2005 at three riverine villages 1.5 km to 7.0 km apart, along the Matapi River, Amapa State, Brazil. A total of 113,117 mosquitoes were collected and placed in pools of ≤ 7 mosquitoes (19,883 pools) and tested for species-specific circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of P. falciparum, P. vivax VK210, and P. vivax VK247 using the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). A subset of 63,330 mosquitoes (12,191 pools) was tested for P. malariae. Anopheles darlingi and An. marajoara had the highest proportion of circumsporozoite protein positives for human malaria parasites compared with An. nuneztovari, An. triannulatus, and An. intermedius. Anopheles darlingi and An. marajoara had the highest entomological inoculation rates (EIR) and were considered to be the most important malaria vectors in the study. Anopheles nuneztovari was also an important vector. Differences in entomological inoculation rates were more dependent on mosquito abundance than on sporozoite rates.
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-
1
Pan American Health Organization, 2001. Report of the status of malaria control programs in the Americas. CD43/INF/1, 27pp.
-
2
Sioli H, 1983. Amazônia,Ffundamentos da Ecologia da Maior Região de Floresta Tropicais. Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil: Vozes Ltd.
-
3
Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
-
4
Cruz Marques A, 1986. Migration and dissemination of malaria in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl. 2):17–30.
-
5
Lounibos LP, Conn JE, 2000. Malaria vector heterogeneity in South America. Am Entomol 46 :238–249.
-
6
Deane LM, 1986. Malaria vectors in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl. 2):5–14.
-
7
de Arruda ME, Carvalho MB, Nussenzweig RS, Maracic M, Ferreira AW, Cochrane AH, 1986. Potential vectors of malaria and their different susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in northern Brazil identified by immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :873–881.
-
8
Hayes J, Calderón G, Falcón R, Zambrano V, 1987. Newly incriminated anopheline vectors of human malaria parasites in Junin Department, Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :418–422.
-
9
Zimmerman RH, 1992. The ecology of malaria vectors in the Americas and future direction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3):371–383.
-
10
Klein TA, Lima JBP, Toda Tang A, 1992. Vector incrimination and the effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria transmission and control in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3):393–397.
-
11
Tadei WP, Dutary-Thatcher B, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :87–94.
-
12
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MNO, Souza RTL, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new Neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
-
13
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 41 :489–494.
-
14
Forattini OP, 1962. Entomologia Médica. Vol 1, Parte Geral, Diptera, Anophelini. São Paulo: Tipgrafia Edanee S.A.
-
15
Tadei WP, Santos JMM, Costa WLS, Scarpassa VM, 1988. Biologia de anofelinos Amazônicos. XII. Ocorrência de espécies de Anopheles, dinãmica da transmissão e controle da malária na zona urbana de Ariquemes (Rondônia). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 30 :221–251.
-
16
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Teva A, Deane LM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, 1990. Natural malaria infections in anophelines in Rondônia State, Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :6–10.
-
17
Póvoa MM, Wirtz RA, Lacerda RNL, Miles MA, Warhurst D, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, State of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :179–184.
-
18
Silva-Vasconcelos A, Kató MYN, Mourão EM, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Sibajev A, Tsouris P, Póvoa MM, Momen H, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2002. Biting indices, host-seeking activity and natural infection rates of anopheline species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :151–161.
-
19
Povoa MM, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Santa Rosa E, Galiza D, Souza JR, Wirtz RA, Schlichting CD, Conn JE, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 :163–168.
-
20
Arruda M, Souza RC, Veiga ME, Ferreira AF, Zimmerman RH, 1998. Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax variants VK247 and P. vivax-like human malaria: a retrospective study in indigenous Indian populations of the Amazon region of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :628.
-
21
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Pratt-Riccio LR, Arruda M, Santos F, Ribeiro CTD, Golberg AC, Banic DM, 2004. HLA class II and antibody responses to circumsporozoite protein repeats of P. vivax (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. Acta Trop 92 :63–69.
-
22
Cavasini MTV, Ribeiro WL, Kawamoto F, Ferreira MU, 2000. How prevalent is Plasmodium malariae in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 33 :489–492.
-
23
Rachou RG, 1958. Anofelinos do Brasil: comportamento das espécies vetoras de malária. Rev Bras Malariol e Doenç Trop 10 :145–181.
-
25
Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1995. The value of vector-based estimates of malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :125–134.
-
26
Mbogo CM, Mwangangi JM, Nzovu J, Gu W, Yan G, Gunter JT, Swalm C, Keating J, Regens JL, Shililu JI, Githure JI, Beier JC, 2003. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :734–742.
-
27
Zimmerman RH, Galardo AKR, Lounibos LP, Arruda M, Wirtz RA, 2006. Bloodmeal hosts of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol 43 :947–956.
-
28
Rubio-Palis Y, 1992. Influence of moonlight on light trap catches of the malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari in Venezuela. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8 :178–180.
-
29
Consoli RAGB, Lourenço de Oliveira RL, 1994. Principais Mosquitos de Importância Sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz.
-
30
Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Graves PM, Andre RG, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
-
31
Wirtz RA, Sattabonkgot J, Hall T, Burkot TR, Rosenberg R, 1992. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Plasmodium vivax-VK247 sporozoites. J Med Entomol 29 :854–857.
-
32
Rubio-Palis Y, Wirtz RA, Curtis CF, 1992. Malaria entomological inoculation rates in western Venezuela. Acta Trop 52 :167–174.
-
33
Fontenille D, Meunier JY, Nkondjo AC, Tchuikam T, 2001. Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cameroon. J Med Entomol 38 :451–454.
-
34
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure J, 1999. Short report: Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :109–113.
-
35
Castillo-Salgado C, 1992. Epidemiological risk stratification of malaria in the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3):115–120.
-
36
SAS Institute, 2002. SAS/STAT user’s guide, ver. 9.0. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
-
37
Rice WR, 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution Int J Org Evolution 43 :223–225.
-
38
Voorham J, 2002. Intra-population plasticity of Anopheles darlingi’s (Diptera, Culicidae) biting activity patterns in the state of Amapá, Brazil. Rev Saude Pub 36 :75–80.
-
39
Deane LM, Causey OR, Deane MP, 1948. Notas sôbre a distribuição e a biologia dos anofelinos das regiões Nordestina e Amazônica do Brasil. Rev Ser Esp Saude Pub 1 :827–965.
-
40
Fajardo P, Alzate A, 1987. Anopheles nuñeztovari como vector de malaria en el Bajo Calima, Buenaventura. Col Med 18 :14–18.
-
41
Povoa MM, Machado RLD, Segura MNO, Vianna GMR, Vasconcelos AS, Conn JE, 2000. Infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes: correlation of positivity between ELISA and PCR-ELISA tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :106–107.
-
42
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