ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Taylor D, 1997. Seeing the forests for more than the trees. Environ Health Perspect 105 :1186–1191.
-
2
Patz JA, Daszak P, Tabor GM, Aguirre AA, Pearl M, Epstein J, Wolfe ND, Kilpatrick AM, Foufopoulos J, Molyneux D, Bradley DJ, Working Group on Land Use Change and Disease Emergence, 2004. Unhealthy landscapes: Policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environ Health Perspect 112 :1092–1098.
-
3
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 (Suppl):55–75.
-
4
Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Gellera N, Vittor AY, 2000. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 30 :1395–1405.
-
5
Martens P, 1998. Health and Climate Change: Modeling the Impacts of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. London: Earthscan.
-
6
Molyneux DH, 1998. Vector-borne parasitic diseases—an overview of recent changes. Int J Parasitol 28 :927–934.
-
7
Grillet ME, 2000. Factors associated with distribution of Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles oswaldoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malarious area, northeastern Venezuela. J Med Entomol 37 :231–238.
-
8
Kondrashin AV, Jung RK, Akiyama J, 1991. Ecological aspects of forest malaria in Southeast Asia. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 1–28.
-
9
Reiter P, 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ Health Perspect 109 :141–161.
-
10
Chivian E, ed., 2002. Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health, Interim Execuative Summary. Boston: Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.
-
11
Mouchet J, Faye O, Juivez J, Manguin S, 1996. Drought and malaria retreat in the Sahel, west Africa. Lancet 348 :1735–1736.
-
12
Karla NL, 1991. Forest Malaria Vectors in India: Ecological Characteristics and Epidemiological Implications. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 93–114.
-
13
Sharma VP, 2002. Determinants of Malaria in South Asia. Casman EA. Dowlatabadi H, eds. The Contextual Determinants of Malaria. Washington DC: Resource for the Future, 110–129.
-
14
Amerasinghe FP, Ariyasena TG, 1990. Larval survey of surface water-breeding mosquitoes during irrigation development in the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka. J Med Entomol 27 :789–802.
-
15
Konradsen F, Amerasinghe FP, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, eds., 2000. Malaria in Sri Lanka, Current Knowledge on Transmission and Control. Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.
-
16
Coluzzi M, 1992. Malaria vector analysis and control. Parasitol Today 8 :113–118.
-
17
Downs WG, Pittendrigh CS, 1946. Bromeliad malaria in Trinidad, British West Indies. Am J Trop Med 26 :47–66.
-
18
Ault SK, 1989. Effect of Demographic Patterns, Social Structure, and Human Behavior on Malaria. Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 283–301.
-
19
Rosenberg R, Andre RG, Somchit L, 1990. Highly efficient dry season transmission in malaria in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :22–28.
-
20
Bunnag D, Sornmani S, Pinichpongse S, Harinasuta C, 1978. Surveillance of water-borne parasitic infections and studies on the impact of ecological change on vector mosquitoes of malaria after dam construction. Proceedings of Twenty-First SEAMEO-TROPMED Seminar, Environmental Impact on Human Health in Southeast and East Asia. Tokyo and Tsukuba: SAMEO-TROPMED, 656–660.
-
21
Sornmani S, 1987. Malaria Risks Involved in Slash and Burn Agriculture in An. dirus Infested Forests in Thailand. Effects of Agricultural Development on Vector-borne Diseases. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. AGL/MISC/12/87.
-
22
Prothero RM, 1999. Malaria, forests and people in southeast Asia. Singapore J Trop Geogr 20 :76–85.
-
23
Sornmani S, 1972. Health Survey of the Quae Yai Basin, Ecological Reconnaissance of the Quae Yai Hydroelectric Scheme. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 89.
-
24
Sornmani S, 1974. Dry Season Water-Borne Parasitic Disease Studies. Selected Ecological Surveys of the Quae Yai Hydroelectric Scheme. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 11.
-
25
Suvannadabba S, 1991. Deforestation for Agriculture and its Impact on Malaria in Southern Thailand. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 221–226.
-
26
Jones TWT, 1951. Deforestation and epidemic malaria in the wet and intermediate zones of Ceylon. Indian J Malariol 5 :136–161.
-
27
Cheong WH, 1983. Vectors of filariasis in Malaysia. Mak JW, ed. Filariasis. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Medical Research. Bulletin No.19, 37–44.
-
28
Singh YP, Tham A, 1990. Case History of Malaria Control Through the Application of Environmental Management in Malaysia. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/WBC/88.960.
-
29
Rosenberg R, Maheswary NP, 1982. Forest Malaria in Bangladesh II: transmission by An. dirus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :13–191.
-
30
Prasittisuk C, Prasittisuk S, Phatiponge, Ketrangsee S, 1989. Epidemiological aspects of malaria transmission in eastern Thailand. The Conference on Malaria Research. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 22–23.
-
31
Baolin L, 1988. Environmental Management for the Control of Ricefield-Breeding Mosquitoes in China. Vector-Borne Disease Control in Humans Through Rice Agroecosystem Management. Manila, The Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
-
32
Service MW, 1989. Irrigation: Boon or Bane? Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 237–254.
-
33
van der Hoek W, Sakthivadivel R, Renshaw M, Silver JB, Birley MH, Konradsen F, 2001. Alternate Wet/Dry Irrigation in Rice Cultivation: A Practical Way to Save Water and Control Malaria and Japanese Encephalitis? Research Report 47. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.
-
34
Marwoto HA, Arbani PR, 1991. Forest Malaria in Indonesia. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 115–132.
-
35
Ooi JB, 1959. Rural development in tropical areas, with special reference to Malaya. Malayan J Trop Geogr 12 :1–22.
-
36
Sandosham, 1970, in Roundy RW, 1980. The influence of vegetational changes on disease patterns. Meade S, ed. Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 16–37.
-
37
Sharma VP, Malhorta MS, Mani TR, 1984. Entomological and epidemiological study of malaria in Terai district Nainital, U. P. Krishnamurthy CR, eds. Facets of Environmental Problems, Five Case Studies. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 35–46.
-
38
Subedi BP, Das CL, Messerschmidt DD, 2000. Tree and land tenure in the Eastern Terai, Nepal: a case study from the Siraha and Saptari districts, Nepal-Shallon D. ed. Community Forestry Case Study Series 09. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
-
39
Rueben R, 1989. Obstacles to Malaria Control in India: the Human Factor. Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 143–154.
-
40
Amerasinghe FP, Amerasinghe PH, Peiris JSM, Wirtz R, 1991. Anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :226–235.
-
41
Coluzzi M, 1984. Heterogeneities of the malaria vectorial system in tropical Africa and their significance in malaria epidemiology and control. Bull World Health Organ 62 (Suppl):107–113.
-
42
Keiser J, Castro MC, Maltese M, Bos R, Tanner M, Singer B, Utzinger J, 2005. Effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on a global and regional scale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :392–406.
-
43
Wijesundera M de S, 1988. Malaria outbreaks in new foci in Sri Lanka. Parasitol Today 4 :147–150.
-
44
Marques AC, 1987. Human migration and the spread of malaria in Brazil. Parasitol Today 3 :166–170.
-
45
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MN, de Souza RT, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
-
46
Tadei WP, Thatcher BD, Santos JM, Scarpassa VM, Rodrigues IB, Rafael MS, 1998. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :325–335.
-
47
Tadei WP, Thatcher BD, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :87–94.
-
48
Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
-
49
Sharma VP, 1995. Research on Newer Strategies for Vector Control. South-East Asia Advisory Committee on Health Research. Twenty-First Session. Geneva: World Health Organization. SEA/ACHR/21/8.
-
50
Yasuoka J, 2005. Community-Based Ecosystem Management for Malaria Vector Control Following Deforestation and Agricultural Development. [D.Sc. Thesis]. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health.
-
51
Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Barrack OOJ, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenyan highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :69–75.
-
52
Afrane YA, Zhou G, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by deforestation on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :772–778.
-
53
Afrane YA, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by land use and land cover on duration of gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 42 :974–980.
-
54
van der Hoek W, 2004. How can better farming methods reduce malaria? Acta Trop 89 :95–97.
-
55
Ijumba JN, Lindsay SW, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
56
Amerasinghe FP, 2003. Irrigation and mosquito-borne diseases. J Parasitol Special Edition. Selected Papers of the 10th International Congress of Parasitology.
-
57
Lindsay S, Kirby M, Baris E, Bos R, 2004. Environmental Management for Malaria Control in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
-
58
McEwen P, 2000. Report: Harmful Species of Mosquitoes: A Worldwide Focus. Insect Investigations Ltd. Available from http://www.biting-insects.com/PDF-files/Medical.pdf
-
59
Overgaard HJ, Ekbom B, Suwonkerd W, Takagi M, 2003. Effect of landscape structure on anopheline mosquito density and diversity in northern Thailand: implications for malaria transmission and control. Landscape Ecol 18 :605–619.
-
60
Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds., 1991. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council.
-
61
Vythilingam I, Phetsouvanh R, Keokenchanh K, Yengmala V, Vanisaveth V, Phompida S, Hakim SL, 2003. The prevalence of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Sekong Province, Lao PDR in relation to malaria transmission. Trop Med Int Health 8 :525–535.
-
62
Webster J, Malaria Consortium, 2000. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base East Timor. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from http://mosquito.who.int/docs/complex_emergencies_db/east_timor/EastTimor.pdf.
-
63
World Health Organization, 1988. Environmental Management for Vector Control. Available from int/docstore/water_ sanitation_health/vectcont1/ch5.htm
-
64
Amerasinghe FP, Indrajith NG, 1994. Postirrigation breeding patterns of surface water mosquitoes in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka, and comparisons with preceding developmental phases. J Med Entomol 31 :516–523.
-
65
Shrestha SL, 1985. Dynamics of malaria transmission with reference to development projects in Nepal. J Commun Dis 17 :287–292.
-
66
Shrestha SL, Parajuli MB, 1980. Reappearance of malaria in Terai area of Nepal and incrimination of A. annularis van der Wulp. J Nepal Med Assoc 18-1 :11–18.
-
67
Shrestha SL, Pradhan S, Shrestha JPB, Shrestha JD, Rajbhamdari Y, Shrestha GL, Swar TB, Nushin MK, Reisen WK, 1988. Observations on anopheline and malaria ecology in the far western region of Nepal, 1986. Bull Soc Vector Ecologists 13 :332–342.
-
68
Amerasinghe FP, Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, Gunawardena JPW, Fonseka KT, Jayasinghe G, 2001. Small Irrigation Tanks as a Source of Malaria Mosquito Vectors: A Study in North-Central Sri Lanka. Battaramulla, Sri, Lanka: International Water Management Institute Research Report 57.
-
69
Casman EA, Dowlatabadi H, eds, 2002. The Contextual Determinants of Malaria. Washington, DC: Resource for the Future.
-
70
International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (IAMAT), 2002. World Malaria Risk Chart. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers.
-
71
Rubio-Palis Y, Zimmerman RH, 1997. Ecoregional classification of malaria vectors in the neotropics. J Med Entomol 34 :499–510.
-
72
Arnett RH, 1950. Notes on the Distribution, Habits, and Habitats of Some Panama Culicines (Diptera: Culicidae). New York: New York Entomological Society, 99–116.
-
73
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and its consequences for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):118–127.
-
74
Mutero CM, Blank H, Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, 2000. Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. Acta Trop 76 :253–263.
-
76
Amerasinghe FP, Munasingha NB, 1988. A predevelopment mosquito survey in the Mahaweli Development Project Area, Sri Lanka: immatures. J Med Entomol 25 :286–294.
-
77
van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe FP, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, 1998. Characteristics of malaria vector breeding habitats in Sri Lanka: relevance for environmental management. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 29 :168–172.
-
78
Chadee DD, Beier JC, Doon R, 1999. Re-emergence of Plasmodium malariae in Trinidad, West Indies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :467–475.
-
79
Chadee DD, Kitron U, 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of imported malaria cases and local transmission in Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :513–517.
-
80
Collins FH, Paskewitz SM, 1995. Malaria: current and future prospects for control. Annu Rev Entomol 40 :195–219.
-
81
de Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, 2003. Isoenzymatic analysis of four Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator Dyar & Knab (Diptera: Culicidae) populations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :1045–1048.
-
82
Pittendrich CS, 1950. The ecoclimatic divergence of Anopheles bellator and A. homunculus. Reprinted from Evolutions IV:1950.
-
83
West LS, 1963. The South Atlantic and Caribbean Areas. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterIV.htm
-
84
Rahman WA, Che’Rus A, Ahmad AH, 1997. Malaria and Anopheles mosquitoes in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :599–605.
-
85
Amerasinghe FP, Ariyasena TG, 1991. Survey of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during irrigation development in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka. J Med Entomol 28 :387–393.
-
86
Service MW, 1991. Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review. Rev Saude Publica 25 :165–178.
-
87
Manguin S, Roberts DR, Andre RG, Rejmankova E, Hakre S, 1996. Characterization of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitats in Belize, Central America. J Med Entomol 33 :205–211.
-
88
Singer BH, Caldas de Castro M, 2001. Agricultural colonization and malaria on the Amazon frontier. Ann N Y Acad Sci 954 :184–222.
-
89
Tubaki RM, Menezes RM, Cardoso RP Jr, Bergo ES, 2004. Studies on entomological monitoring: mosquito species frequency in riverine habitats of the Igarapava Dam, Southern Region, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 46 :223–229.
-
90
Andrews JM, 1963. North Africa, Italy, and the Islands of the Mediterranean. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterV.htm
-
91
Meek SR, 1995. Vector control in some countries of Southeast Asia; comparing the vectors and the strategies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :135–147.
-
92
Trung HD, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang NT, Cong LD, Coosemans M, 2004. Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health 9 :230–237.
-
93
Rehn JWH, 1963. China-Burma-India Theater. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterVII.htm
-
94
Mendis C, Jacobsen JL, Gamage-Mendis A, Bule E, Dgedge M, Thompson R, Cuamba N, Barreto J, Begtrup K, Sinden RE, Høgh B, 2000. Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in Matola coastal suburb of Maputo, southern Mozambique. Med Vet Entomol 14 :171–180.
-
95
Logan JA, Aitken TH, Casini GU, Knipe W, Maier J, Patterson AJ, 1953. The Anopheline Fauna of Sardinia. The Sardinian Project: An Experiment in the Eradication of an Indigenous Malarious Vector. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, The American Journal of Hygiene Monographic Series No. 20, 303–352.
-
96
Ramsdale CD, 1990. Anopheles mosquitoes and imported malaria in Libya. Mosq Systematics 22 :34–40.
-
97
Romi R, Sabatinelli G, Majori G, 2001. Could malaria reappear in Italy? Emerg Infect Dis 7 :915–919.
-
98
Romi R, Severini C, Pierdominici G, Marchi A, Erbi G, Mantega V, Pinna G, Lavagnino A, Vitale F, 1994. Residual anophelism in Italy: distribution in 4 southern regions. Ann Ist Super Sanita 30 :237–242.
-
99
Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG, 1971. The Primate Malarias. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
-
100
Scanlon JE, Peyton EL, Gould DJ, 1967. The Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus Donitz 1901 group in Thailand. Proc Pap Annu Conf Calif Mosq Control Assoc 35 :78–83.
-
101
Seng CM, Matusop A, Sen FK, 1999. Differences in Anopheles composition and malaria transmission in the village settlements and cultivated farming zone in Sarawak, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :454–459.
-
102
Djadid ND, Sanati MH, Zare M, Hassanzehi A, 2003. rDNA-ITS2 identification of Anopheles pulcherrimus (Diptera: Culicidae): genetic differences and phylogenetic relation with other Iranian vectors and its implications for malaria control. Iran Biomed J 7 :1–6.
-
103
Faulde MK, 2005. Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases in Tajikistan. Vector Associated Diseases in Tajikistan. Available from http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/tajikistan.pdf.
-
104
Herrel N, Amerasinghe FP, Ensink J, Mukhtar M, van der Hoek W, Konradsen F, 2001. Breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in irrigated areas of South Punjab, Pakistan. Med Vet Entomol 15 :236–248.
-
105
Ramsdale CD, Alten B, Çaglar SS, Özer N, 2001. A revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Turkey. Eur Mosq Bull 9 :18–28.
-
106
Webster J, Malaria Consortium RBM, EMRO, the RBM Complex Emergencies Team, 2001. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base Afghanistan. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
107
Webster J, Malaria Consortium RBM, EURO, the RBM Complex Emergencies Team, 2001. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base Tajikistan. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
108
Alten B, Caglar S, Özer N, 2002. Malaria and Its Vectors in Turkey. Available from http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/issue7/turkey.htm.
-
109
Dow RP, 1953. Notes on Iranian mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2 :683–695.
-
110
Kampen H, Proft J, Etti S, Maltezos E, Pagonaki M, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 2002. Individual cases of autochthonous malaria in Evros Province, northern Greece: entomological aspects. Parasitol Res 89 :252–258.
-
111
Temel T, Ejov M, 2001. Agricultural Development and Its impact on Malaria: Azerbaijan. Available from http://www.isnar.cgiar.org/activities/pdf/Malaria-Azerbaijan.pdf.
-
112
Sharma VP, 1999. Current scenario of mlaria in India. Parassitologia 41 :349–353.
-
113
Oo TT, 2003. The Biology and Vector Competence of the Anopheline Mosquitoes of Myanmar with Special Consideration of Anopheles dirus. Dissertation. Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg. Heidelberg, Germany.
-
114
Hoedojo, Partono F, Atmosoedjono S, Purnomo, Teren T, 1980. A study on vectors of Bancroftian filariasis in West Flores, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11 :399–404.
-
115
Harbach RE, Rattanarithikul R, 1988. A new species of the subgenus Eumelanomyia of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) from Thailand. Mosq Systematics 20 :69–78.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 549 | 471 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 1595 | 15 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 1202 | 18 | 4 |
IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON ANOPHELINE ECOLOGY AND MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY
JUNKO YASUOKA
JUNKO YASUOKA
Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Search for other papers by JUNKO YASUOKA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by JUNKO YASUOKA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
RICHARD LEVINS
RICHARD LEVINS
Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Search for other papers by RICHARD LEVINS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by RICHARD LEVINS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
To clarify mechanisms linking deforestation, anopheline ecology, and malaria epidemiology, this study draws together 60 examples of changes in anopheline ecology and malaria incidence as a consequence of deforestation and agricultural development. The deforestation projects were classified based on subsequent land use and were reviewed in terms of their impact on anopheline density and malaria incidence. To further examine different anopheline responses to land transformation, two major ecological characteristics of 31 anopheline species were tested for their associations with changes in their densities and malaria incidence. Although niche width of anopheline species was not associated with density changes, sun preference was significantly associated with an increase in density. This study suggests the possibility of predicting potential impacts of future deforestation on vector density by using information on types of planned agricultural development and the ecology of local anopheline species.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Taylor D, 1997. Seeing the forests for more than the trees. Environ Health Perspect 105 :1186–1191.
-
2
Patz JA, Daszak P, Tabor GM, Aguirre AA, Pearl M, Epstein J, Wolfe ND, Kilpatrick AM, Foufopoulos J, Molyneux D, Bradley DJ, Working Group on Land Use Change and Disease Emergence, 2004. Unhealthy landscapes: Policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environ Health Perspect 112 :1092–1098.
-
3
Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH, 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology 106 (Suppl):55–75.
-
4
Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Gellera N, Vittor AY, 2000. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 30 :1395–1405.
-
5
Martens P, 1998. Health and Climate Change: Modeling the Impacts of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. London: Earthscan.
-
6
Molyneux DH, 1998. Vector-borne parasitic diseases—an overview of recent changes. Int J Parasitol 28 :927–934.
-
7
Grillet ME, 2000. Factors associated with distribution of Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles oswaldoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malarious area, northeastern Venezuela. J Med Entomol 37 :231–238.
-
8
Kondrashin AV, Jung RK, Akiyama J, 1991. Ecological aspects of forest malaria in Southeast Asia. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 1–28.
-
9
Reiter P, 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ Health Perspect 109 :141–161.
-
10
Chivian E, ed., 2002. Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health, Interim Execuative Summary. Boston: Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.
-
11
Mouchet J, Faye O, Juivez J, Manguin S, 1996. Drought and malaria retreat in the Sahel, west Africa. Lancet 348 :1735–1736.
-
12
Karla NL, 1991. Forest Malaria Vectors in India: Ecological Characteristics and Epidemiological Implications. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 93–114.
-
13
Sharma VP, 2002. Determinants of Malaria in South Asia. Casman EA. Dowlatabadi H, eds. The Contextual Determinants of Malaria. Washington DC: Resource for the Future, 110–129.
-
14
Amerasinghe FP, Ariyasena TG, 1990. Larval survey of surface water-breeding mosquitoes during irrigation development in the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka. J Med Entomol 27 :789–802.
-
15
Konradsen F, Amerasinghe FP, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, eds., 2000. Malaria in Sri Lanka, Current Knowledge on Transmission and Control. Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.
-
16
Coluzzi M, 1992. Malaria vector analysis and control. Parasitol Today 8 :113–118.
-
17
Downs WG, Pittendrigh CS, 1946. Bromeliad malaria in Trinidad, British West Indies. Am J Trop Med 26 :47–66.
-
18
Ault SK, 1989. Effect of Demographic Patterns, Social Structure, and Human Behavior on Malaria. Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 283–301.
-
19
Rosenberg R, Andre RG, Somchit L, 1990. Highly efficient dry season transmission in malaria in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :22–28.
-
20
Bunnag D, Sornmani S, Pinichpongse S, Harinasuta C, 1978. Surveillance of water-borne parasitic infections and studies on the impact of ecological change on vector mosquitoes of malaria after dam construction. Proceedings of Twenty-First SEAMEO-TROPMED Seminar, Environmental Impact on Human Health in Southeast and East Asia. Tokyo and Tsukuba: SAMEO-TROPMED, 656–660.
-
21
Sornmani S, 1987. Malaria Risks Involved in Slash and Burn Agriculture in An. dirus Infested Forests in Thailand. Effects of Agricultural Development on Vector-borne Diseases. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. AGL/MISC/12/87.
-
22
Prothero RM, 1999. Malaria, forests and people in southeast Asia. Singapore J Trop Geogr 20 :76–85.
-
23
Sornmani S, 1972. Health Survey of the Quae Yai Basin, Ecological Reconnaissance of the Quae Yai Hydroelectric Scheme. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 89.
-
24
Sornmani S, 1974. Dry Season Water-Borne Parasitic Disease Studies. Selected Ecological Surveys of the Quae Yai Hydroelectric Scheme. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 11.
-
25
Suvannadabba S, 1991. Deforestation for Agriculture and its Impact on Malaria in Southern Thailand. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 221–226.
-
26
Jones TWT, 1951. Deforestation and epidemic malaria in the wet and intermediate zones of Ceylon. Indian J Malariol 5 :136–161.
-
27
Cheong WH, 1983. Vectors of filariasis in Malaysia. Mak JW, ed. Filariasis. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Medical Research. Bulletin No.19, 37–44.
-
28
Singh YP, Tham A, 1990. Case History of Malaria Control Through the Application of Environmental Management in Malaysia. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/WBC/88.960.
-
29
Rosenberg R, Maheswary NP, 1982. Forest Malaria in Bangladesh II: transmission by An. dirus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :13–191.
-
30
Prasittisuk C, Prasittisuk S, Phatiponge, Ketrangsee S, 1989. Epidemiological aspects of malaria transmission in eastern Thailand. The Conference on Malaria Research. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 22–23.
-
31
Baolin L, 1988. Environmental Management for the Control of Ricefield-Breeding Mosquitoes in China. Vector-Borne Disease Control in Humans Through Rice Agroecosystem Management. Manila, The Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
-
32
Service MW, 1989. Irrigation: Boon or Bane? Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 237–254.
-
33
van der Hoek W, Sakthivadivel R, Renshaw M, Silver JB, Birley MH, Konradsen F, 2001. Alternate Wet/Dry Irrigation in Rice Cultivation: A Practical Way to Save Water and Control Malaria and Japanese Encephalitis? Research Report 47. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.
-
34
Marwoto HA, Arbani PR, 1991. Forest Malaria in Indonesia. Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council, 115–132.
-
35
Ooi JB, 1959. Rural development in tropical areas, with special reference to Malaya. Malayan J Trop Geogr 12 :1–22.
-
36
Sandosham, 1970, in Roundy RW, 1980. The influence of vegetational changes on disease patterns. Meade S, ed. Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 16–37.
-
37
Sharma VP, Malhorta MS, Mani TR, 1984. Entomological and epidemiological study of malaria in Terai district Nainital, U. P. Krishnamurthy CR, eds. Facets of Environmental Problems, Five Case Studies. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 35–46.
-
38
Subedi BP, Das CL, Messerschmidt DD, 2000. Tree and land tenure in the Eastern Terai, Nepal: a case study from the Siraha and Saptari districts, Nepal-Shallon D. ed. Community Forestry Case Study Series 09. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
-
39
Rueben R, 1989. Obstacles to Malaria Control in India: the Human Factor. Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 143–154.
-
40
Amerasinghe FP, Amerasinghe PH, Peiris JSM, Wirtz R, 1991. Anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :226–235.
-
41
Coluzzi M, 1984. Heterogeneities of the malaria vectorial system in tropical Africa and their significance in malaria epidemiology and control. Bull World Health Organ 62 (Suppl):107–113.
-
42
Keiser J, Castro MC, Maltese M, Bos R, Tanner M, Singer B, Utzinger J, 2005. Effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on a global and regional scale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :392–406.
-
43
Wijesundera M de S, 1988. Malaria outbreaks in new foci in Sri Lanka. Parasitol Today 4 :147–150.
-
44
Marques AC, 1987. Human migration and the spread of malaria in Brazil. Parasitol Today 3 :166–170.
-
45
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MN, de Souza RT, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
-
46
Tadei WP, Thatcher BD, Santos JM, Scarpassa VM, Rodrigues IB, Rafael MS, 1998. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :325–335.
-
47
Tadei WP, Thatcher BD, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :87–94.
-
48
Vittor AY, Gilman RH, Tielsch J, Glass G, Shields T, Lozano WS, Pinedo-Cancino V, Patz JA, 2006. The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :3–11.
-
49
Sharma VP, 1995. Research on Newer Strategies for Vector Control. South-East Asia Advisory Committee on Health Research. Twenty-First Session. Geneva: World Health Organization. SEA/ACHR/21/8.
-
50
Yasuoka J, 2005. Community-Based Ecosystem Management for Malaria Vector Control Following Deforestation and Agricultural Development. [D.Sc. Thesis]. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health.
-
51
Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Barrack OOJ, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenyan highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :69–75.
-
52
Afrane YA, Zhou G, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2006. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by deforestation on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :772–778.
-
53
Afrane YA, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2005. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by land use and land cover on duration of gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 42 :974–980.
-
54
van der Hoek W, 2004. How can better farming methods reduce malaria? Acta Trop 89 :95–97.
-
55
Ijumba JN, Lindsay SW, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
56
Amerasinghe FP, 2003. Irrigation and mosquito-borne diseases. J Parasitol Special Edition. Selected Papers of the 10th International Congress of Parasitology.
-
57
Lindsay S, Kirby M, Baris E, Bos R, 2004. Environmental Management for Malaria Control in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
-
58
McEwen P, 2000. Report: Harmful Species of Mosquitoes: A Worldwide Focus. Insect Investigations Ltd. Available from http://www.biting-insects.com/PDF-files/Medical.pdf
-
59
Overgaard HJ, Ekbom B, Suwonkerd W, Takagi M, 2003. Effect of landscape structure on anopheline mosquito density and diversity in northern Thailand: implications for malaria transmission and control. Landscape Ecol 18 :605–619.
-
60
Sharma VP, Kondrashin AV, eds., 1991. Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization/Medical Research Council.
-
61
Vythilingam I, Phetsouvanh R, Keokenchanh K, Yengmala V, Vanisaveth V, Phompida S, Hakim SL, 2003. The prevalence of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Sekong Province, Lao PDR in relation to malaria transmission. Trop Med Int Health 8 :525–535.
-
62
Webster J, Malaria Consortium, 2000. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base East Timor. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from http://mosquito.who.int/docs/complex_emergencies_db/east_timor/EastTimor.pdf.
-
63
World Health Organization, 1988. Environmental Management for Vector Control. Available from int/docstore/water_ sanitation_health/vectcont1/ch5.htm
-
64
Amerasinghe FP, Indrajith NG, 1994. Postirrigation breeding patterns of surface water mosquitoes in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka, and comparisons with preceding developmental phases. J Med Entomol 31 :516–523.
-
65
Shrestha SL, 1985. Dynamics of malaria transmission with reference to development projects in Nepal. J Commun Dis 17 :287–292.
-
66
Shrestha SL, Parajuli MB, 1980. Reappearance of malaria in Terai area of Nepal and incrimination of A. annularis van der Wulp. J Nepal Med Assoc 18-1 :11–18.
-
67
Shrestha SL, Pradhan S, Shrestha JPB, Shrestha JD, Rajbhamdari Y, Shrestha GL, Swar TB, Nushin MK, Reisen WK, 1988. Observations on anopheline and malaria ecology in the far western region of Nepal, 1986. Bull Soc Vector Ecologists 13 :332–342.
-
68
Amerasinghe FP, Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, Gunawardena JPW, Fonseka KT, Jayasinghe G, 2001. Small Irrigation Tanks as a Source of Malaria Mosquito Vectors: A Study in North-Central Sri Lanka. Battaramulla, Sri, Lanka: International Water Management Institute Research Report 57.
-
69
Casman EA, Dowlatabadi H, eds, 2002. The Contextual Determinants of Malaria. Washington, DC: Resource for the Future.
-
70
International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (IAMAT), 2002. World Malaria Risk Chart. International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers.
-
71
Rubio-Palis Y, Zimmerman RH, 1997. Ecoregional classification of malaria vectors in the neotropics. J Med Entomol 34 :499–510.
-
72
Arnett RH, 1950. Notes on the Distribution, Habits, and Habitats of Some Panama Culicines (Diptera: Culicidae). New York: New York Entomological Society, 99–116.
-
73
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and its consequences for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):118–127.
-
74
Mutero CM, Blank H, Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, 2000. Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. Acta Trop 76 :253–263.
-
76
Amerasinghe FP, Munasingha NB, 1988. A predevelopment mosquito survey in the Mahaweli Development Project Area, Sri Lanka: immatures. J Med Entomol 25 :286–294.
-
77
van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe FP, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, 1998. Characteristics of malaria vector breeding habitats in Sri Lanka: relevance for environmental management. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 29 :168–172.
-
78
Chadee DD, Beier JC, Doon R, 1999. Re-emergence of Plasmodium malariae in Trinidad, West Indies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :467–475.
-
79
Chadee DD, Kitron U, 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of imported malaria cases and local transmission in Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :513–517.
-
80
Collins FH, Paskewitz SM, 1995. Malaria: current and future prospects for control. Annu Rev Entomol 40 :195–219.
-
81
de Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, 2003. Isoenzymatic analysis of four Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator Dyar & Knab (Diptera: Culicidae) populations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :1045–1048.
-
82
Pittendrich CS, 1950. The ecoclimatic divergence of Anopheles bellator and A. homunculus. Reprinted from Evolutions IV:1950.
-
83
West LS, 1963. The South Atlantic and Caribbean Areas. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterIV.htm
-
84
Rahman WA, Che’Rus A, Ahmad AH, 1997. Malaria and Anopheles mosquitoes in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :599–605.
-
85
Amerasinghe FP, Ariyasena TG, 1991. Survey of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during irrigation development in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka. J Med Entomol 28 :387–393.
-
86
Service MW, 1991. Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review. Rev Saude Publica 25 :165–178.
-
87
Manguin S, Roberts DR, Andre RG, Rejmankova E, Hakre S, 1996. Characterization of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitats in Belize, Central America. J Med Entomol 33 :205–211.
-
88
Singer BH, Caldas de Castro M, 2001. Agricultural colonization and malaria on the Amazon frontier. Ann N Y Acad Sci 954 :184–222.
-
89
Tubaki RM, Menezes RM, Cardoso RP Jr, Bergo ES, 2004. Studies on entomological monitoring: mosquito species frequency in riverine habitats of the Igarapava Dam, Southern Region, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 46 :223–229.
-
90
Andrews JM, 1963. North Africa, Italy, and the Islands of the Mediterranean. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterV.htm
-
91
Meek SR, 1995. Vector control in some countries of Southeast Asia; comparing the vectors and the strategies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :135–147.
-
92
Trung HD, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang NT, Cong LD, Coosemans M, 2004. Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health 9 :230–237.
-
93
Rehn JWH, 1963. China-Burma-India Theater. Medical Department, United States Army Preventive Medicine in World War II. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterVII.htm
-
94
Mendis C, Jacobsen JL, Gamage-Mendis A, Bule E, Dgedge M, Thompson R, Cuamba N, Barreto J, Begtrup K, Sinden RE, Høgh B, 2000. Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in Matola coastal suburb of Maputo, southern Mozambique. Med Vet Entomol 14 :171–180.
-
95
Logan JA, Aitken TH, Casini GU, Knipe W, Maier J, Patterson AJ, 1953. The Anopheline Fauna of Sardinia. The Sardinian Project: An Experiment in the Eradication of an Indigenous Malarious Vector. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, The American Journal of Hygiene Monographic Series No. 20, 303–352.
-
96
Ramsdale CD, 1990. Anopheles mosquitoes and imported malaria in Libya. Mosq Systematics 22 :34–40.
-
97
Romi R, Sabatinelli G, Majori G, 2001. Could malaria reappear in Italy? Emerg Infect Dis 7 :915–919.
-
98
Romi R, Severini C, Pierdominici G, Marchi A, Erbi G, Mantega V, Pinna G, Lavagnino A, Vitale F, 1994. Residual anophelism in Italy: distribution in 4 southern regions. Ann Ist Super Sanita 30 :237–242.
-
99
Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG, 1971. The Primate Malarias. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
-
100
Scanlon JE, Peyton EL, Gould DJ, 1967. The Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus Donitz 1901 group in Thailand. Proc Pap Annu Conf Calif Mosq Control Assoc 35 :78–83.
-
101
Seng CM, Matusop A, Sen FK, 1999. Differences in Anopheles composition and malaria transmission in the village settlements and cultivated farming zone in Sarawak, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :454–459.
-
102
Djadid ND, Sanati MH, Zare M, Hassanzehi A, 2003. rDNA-ITS2 identification of Anopheles pulcherrimus (Diptera: Culicidae): genetic differences and phylogenetic relation with other Iranian vectors and its implications for malaria control. Iran Biomed J 7 :1–6.
-
103
Faulde MK, 2005. Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases in Tajikistan. Vector Associated Diseases in Tajikistan. Available from http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/dveps/tajikistan.pdf.
-
104
Herrel N, Amerasinghe FP, Ensink J, Mukhtar M, van der Hoek W, Konradsen F, 2001. Breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in irrigated areas of South Punjab, Pakistan. Med Vet Entomol 15 :236–248.
-
105
Ramsdale CD, Alten B, Çaglar SS, Özer N, 2001. A revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Turkey. Eur Mosq Bull 9 :18–28.
-
106
Webster J, Malaria Consortium RBM, EMRO, the RBM Complex Emergencies Team, 2001. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base Afghanistan. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
107
Webster J, Malaria Consortium RBM, EURO, the RBM Complex Emergencies Team, 2001. RBM Complex Emergency Malaria Data Base Tajikistan. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
108
Alten B, Caglar S, Özer N, 2002. Malaria and Its Vectors in Turkey. Available from http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/issue7/turkey.htm.
-
109
Dow RP, 1953. Notes on Iranian mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2 :683–695.
-
110
Kampen H, Proft J, Etti S, Maltezos E, Pagonaki M, Maier WA, Seitz HM, 2002. Individual cases of autochthonous malaria in Evros Province, northern Greece: entomological aspects. Parasitol Res 89 :252–258.
-
111
Temel T, Ejov M, 2001. Agricultural Development and Its impact on Malaria: Azerbaijan. Available from http://www.isnar.cgiar.org/activities/pdf/Malaria-Azerbaijan.pdf.
-
112
Sharma VP, 1999. Current scenario of mlaria in India. Parassitologia 41 :349–353.
-
113
Oo TT, 2003. The Biology and Vector Competence of the Anopheline Mosquitoes of Myanmar with Special Consideration of Anopheles dirus. Dissertation. Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg. Heidelberg, Germany.
-
114
Hoedojo, Partono F, Atmosoedjono S, Purnomo, Teren T, 1980. A study on vectors of Bancroftian filariasis in West Flores, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11 :399–404.
-
115
Harbach RE, Rattanarithikul R, 1988. A new species of the subgenus Eumelanomyia of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) from Thailand. Mosq Systematics 20 :69–78.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 549 | 471 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 1595 | 15 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 1202 | 18 | 4 |