ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes RO, 1981. Eastern and western encephalitis. Beran GW, ed. Viral Zoonoses, Section B. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, 29–57.
-
2
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. Arboviruses Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
3
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: Epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
4
Morris CD, Zimmerman RH, 1981. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. III. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta morsitans (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 18 :313–316.
-
5
Howard JJ, Grayson MA, White DJ, Morris CD, 1994. Eastern equine encephalitis in New York State. J FL Mosq Cont Assoc 65 :1–7.
-
6
Magnarelli LA, 1977. Host feeding patterns of Connecticut mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :547–552.
-
7
Morris CD, Zimmerman RH, Edman JD, 1980b. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. II. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to distance from breeding site. J Med Entomol 17 :453–465.
-
8
Joseph SR, Bickley WE, 1969. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) on the Eastern Shore of Maryland (Diptera: Culicidae). University of Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station. Bull.A161, College Park, MD.
-
9
Edman JD, Webber LA, Kale HW II, 1972. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. II. Culiseta. J Med Entomol 9 :429–434.
-
10
Nasci RS, Edman JD, 1981. Blood-feeding patterns of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and associated sylvan mosquitoes in southeastern Massachusetts eastern equine encephalitis enzootic foci. J Med Entomol 18 :493–500.
-
11
Hayes RO, Doance OW, 1958. Primary record of Culiseta melanura biting man in nature. Mosq News 18 :216–217.
-
12
Stamm D, 1968. Arbovirus studies in birds in South Alabama 1959–1960. Am J Epidemiol 67 :127–137.
-
13
Emord DE, Morris CD, 1984. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate, New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period. J Med Entomol 21 :395–404.
-
14
Main AJ, Anderson KS, Maxfield HK, Rosenau B, Oliver C, 1988. Duration of Alphavirus neutralizing antibody in naturally infected birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :208–217.
-
15
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
-
16
Howard JJ, Oliver J, Grayson MA, 2004. Antibody response of wild birds to natural infection with Alphaviruses. J Med Entomol 41 :1090–1103.
-
17
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :71–82.
-
18
Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :468–474.
-
19
Morris CD, Corey ME, Emord DE, Howard JJ, 1980a. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. I. Introduction, demography and natural environment of an endemic focus. J Med Entomol 17 :442–452.
-
20
Howard JJ, Grayson MA, White DJ, Oliver J, 1996. Evidence of multiple foci of eastern equine encephalitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) in central New York State. J Med Entomol 33 :421–432.
-
21
Morris CD, 1981. A structural and operational analysis of diurnal resting shelters for mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 18 :419–424.
-
22
Morris CD, Whitney E, Bast TF, Deibel R, 1973. An outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York during 1971. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22 :561–566.
-
23
Means RG, 1987. Mosquitoes of New York. II. Genera of Culicidae other than Aedes occurring in New York. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York.
-
24
American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983. Check-List of North American Birds. Sixth edition. Lawrence, KS: American Ornithologist Union.
-
25
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: A five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 44 :360–378.
-
26
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay. J Clin Microbiol 8 :4066–4071.
-
27
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41 :379–385.
-
28
Irby WS, Apperson CS, 1988. Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J Med Entomol 25 :85–93.
-
29
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :641–647.
-
30
Ngo KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Identification of mosquito blood meals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with order-specific primers. J Med Entomol 40 :215–222.
-
31
Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA, Mustoe S, 2000. Bird Census Techniques. Second edition. New York: Academic Press.
-
32
Howard JJ, Emord DE, Morris CD, 1983. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. V. Habitat preference of host-seeking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 20 :62–69.
-
33
Moussa MA, Gould DJ, Nolan MP, Hayes DE, 1966. Observations on Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) in relation to encephalitis in southern Maryland. Mosq News 26 :385–393.
-
34
Hayes CG, Wallis RC, 1977. Ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern United States. Adv Virus Res 21 :37–83.
-
35
Hayes RO, 1961. Host preferences of Culiseta melanura and allied mosquitoes. Mosq News 22 :352–356.
-
36
Anderson RA, Edman JD, Scott TW, 1990. Rubidium and cesium as host blood-markers to study multiple feeding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27 :999–1001.
-
37
Howard JJ, White DJ, Muller SL, 1989. Mark-recapture studies on the Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 26 :190–199.
-
38
Tate CM, Howarth EW, Stalknecht DE, Allison AB, Fischer JR, Mead DG, 2005. Eastern equine encephalitis in a free-living white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildlife Dis 41 :241–245.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 294 | 227 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 331 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 7 | 2 |
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD-MEAL SOURCES IN CULISETA MELANURA AND CULISETA MORSITANS FROM AN ENDEMIC FOCUS OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN NEW YORK
GOUDARZ MOLAEI
GOUDARZ MOLAEI
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Syracuse, New York
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JOANNE OLIVER
JOANNE OLIVER
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Syracuse, New York
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THEODORE G. ANDREADIS
THEODORE G. ANDREADIS
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Syracuse, New York
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PHILIP M. ARMSTRONG
PHILIP M. ARMSTRONG
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Syracuse, New York
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JOHN J. HOWARD
JOHN J. HOWARD
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Arthropod-Borne Disease Program, New York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Syracuse, New York
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Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus perpetuates in an enzootic cycle involving ornithophilic mosquito vectors, principally Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) and avian amplification hosts. To better understand the role of Cs. melanura and Culiseta morsitans (Theobald) in the epizootiology of EEE virus, we collected blood-fed mosquitoes between 31 May and 15 October 2004 at two sites associated with an EEE virus focus in central New York and identified the source of vertebrate blood by nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the cytochrome b gene. Analysis of 484 Cs. melanura and 122 Cs. morsitans revealed that 94.2% and 86.9%, respectively, acquired blood solely from avian hosts. Blood meals derived exclusively from mammals were detected in 0.8% of Cs. melanura and 1.6% of Cs. morsitans. Individual mosquitoes containing mixed-blood meals from both avian and mammalian hosts were also detected in 5.0% of Cs. melanura and 11.5% of Cs. morsitans. Wood thrush constituted the most common vertebrate host for Cs. melanura (23.6%) and Cs. morsitans (30.9%), followed by American robin, song sparrow, ovenbird, red-eyed vireo, and common yellowthroat. Mammalian-derived blood meals were identified as white-tailed deer, horse, domestic cat, and eastern pipistrelle bat. There were three isolations of EEE virus from Cs. melanura and one from Cs. morsitans. These results suggest that wood thrush and a few other passerine birds may play key roles in supporting EEE virus transmission in the northeast and possibly throughout the geographic range of EEE in North America. The frequency of mammalian feedings also suggests that Cs. melanura and Cs. morsitans may play a role in the transmission of EEE virus to equines, in addition to maintaining enzootic transmission among avian hosts. We report the first isolation of arboviruses from mosquito vectors concomitant with the identifications of their blood meal sources.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes RO, 1981. Eastern and western encephalitis. Beran GW, ed. Viral Zoonoses, Section B. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, 29–57.
-
2
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. Arboviruses Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
3
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: Epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
4
Morris CD, Zimmerman RH, 1981. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. III. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta morsitans (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 18 :313–316.
-
5
Howard JJ, Grayson MA, White DJ, Morris CD, 1994. Eastern equine encephalitis in New York State. J FL Mosq Cont Assoc 65 :1–7.
-
6
Magnarelli LA, 1977. Host feeding patterns of Connecticut mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :547–552.
-
7
Morris CD, Zimmerman RH, Edman JD, 1980b. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. II. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to distance from breeding site. J Med Entomol 17 :453–465.
-
8
Joseph SR, Bickley WE, 1969. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) on the Eastern Shore of Maryland (Diptera: Culicidae). University of Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station. Bull.A161, College Park, MD.
-
9
Edman JD, Webber LA, Kale HW II, 1972. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. II. Culiseta. J Med Entomol 9 :429–434.
-
10
Nasci RS, Edman JD, 1981. Blood-feeding patterns of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) and associated sylvan mosquitoes in southeastern Massachusetts eastern equine encephalitis enzootic foci. J Med Entomol 18 :493–500.
-
11
Hayes RO, Doance OW, 1958. Primary record of Culiseta melanura biting man in nature. Mosq News 18 :216–217.
-
12
Stamm D, 1968. Arbovirus studies in birds in South Alabama 1959–1960. Am J Epidemiol 67 :127–137.
-
13
Emord DE, Morris CD, 1984. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate, New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period. J Med Entomol 21 :395–404.
-
14
Main AJ, Anderson KS, Maxfield HK, Rosenau B, Oliver C, 1988. Duration of Alphavirus neutralizing antibody in naturally infected birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :208–217.
-
15
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
-
16
Howard JJ, Oliver J, Grayson MA, 2004. Antibody response of wild birds to natural infection with Alphaviruses. J Med Entomol 41 :1090–1103.
-
17
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :71–82.
-
18
Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :468–474.
-
19
Morris CD, Corey ME, Emord DE, Howard JJ, 1980a. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. I. Introduction, demography and natural environment of an endemic focus. J Med Entomol 17 :442–452.
-
20
Howard JJ, Grayson MA, White DJ, Oliver J, 1996. Evidence of multiple foci of eastern equine encephalitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) in central New York State. J Med Entomol 33 :421–432.
-
21
Morris CD, 1981. A structural and operational analysis of diurnal resting shelters for mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 18 :419–424.
-
22
Morris CD, Whitney E, Bast TF, Deibel R, 1973. An outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York during 1971. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22 :561–566.
-
23
Means RG, 1987. Mosquitoes of New York. II. Genera of Culicidae other than Aedes occurring in New York. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York.
-
24
American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983. Check-List of North American Birds. Sixth edition. Lawrence, KS: American Ornithologist Union.
-
25
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: A five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 44 :360–378.
-
26
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay. J Clin Microbiol 8 :4066–4071.
-
27
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41 :379–385.
-
28
Irby WS, Apperson CS, 1988. Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J Med Entomol 25 :85–93.
-
29
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :641–647.
-
30
Ngo KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Identification of mosquito blood meals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with order-specific primers. J Med Entomol 40 :215–222.
-
31
Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA, Mustoe S, 2000. Bird Census Techniques. Second edition. New York: Academic Press.
-
32
Howard JJ, Emord DE, Morris CD, 1983. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. V. Habitat preference of host-seeking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 20 :62–69.
-
33
Moussa MA, Gould DJ, Nolan MP, Hayes DE, 1966. Observations on Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) in relation to encephalitis in southern Maryland. Mosq News 26 :385–393.
-
34
Hayes CG, Wallis RC, 1977. Ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern United States. Adv Virus Res 21 :37–83.
-
35
Hayes RO, 1961. Host preferences of Culiseta melanura and allied mosquitoes. Mosq News 22 :352–356.
-
36
Anderson RA, Edman JD, Scott TW, 1990. Rubidium and cesium as host blood-markers to study multiple feeding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27 :999–1001.
-
37
Howard JJ, White DJ, Muller SL, 1989. Mark-recapture studies on the Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 26 :190–199.
-
38
Tate CM, Howarth EW, Stalknecht DE, Allison AB, Fischer JR, Mead DG, 2005. Eastern equine encephalitis in a free-living white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildlife Dis 41 :241–245.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 294 | 227 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 331 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 7 | 2 |