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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kochar DK, Saxena V, Singh N, Kochar SK, Kumar SV, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium vivax malaria. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :132–134.
-
2
Lacerda MV, Alexandre MA, Santos PD, Arcanjo AR, Alecrim WD, Alecrim MG, 2004. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura due to vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Trop 90 :187–190.
-
3
Beg MA, Khan R, Baig SM, Gulzar Z, Hussain R, Smego RA Jr, 2002. Cerebral involvement in benign tertian malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :230–232.
-
4
Ruebush TK 2nd, Zegarra J, Cairo J, Andersen EM, Green M, Pillai DR, Marquino W, Huilca M, Arevalo E, Garcia C, Solary L, Kain KC, 2003. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :548–552.
-
5
Taylor WR, Doan HN, Nguyen DT, Tran TU, Fryauff DJ, Gomez-Saladin E, Kain KC, Le DC, Baird JK, 2000. Assessing drug sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to halofantrine or chloroquine in southern, central Vietnam using an extended 28-day in vivo test and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :693–697.
-
6
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
7
Cui L, Escalante AA, Imwong M, Snounou G, 2003. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax populations. Trends Parasitol 19 :220–226.
-
8
Escalante AA, Grebert HM, Isea R, Goldman IF, Basco L, Magris M, Biswas S, Kariuki S, Lal AA, 2002. A study of genetic diversity in the gene encoding the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum from different transmission areas. XVI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125 :83–90.
-
9
Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich SM, 2003. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum.Gene 304 :65–75.
-
10
Silva NS, Silveira LA, Machado RL, Povoa MM, Ferreira MU, 2000. Temporal and spatial distribution of the variants of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Brazil. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :675–688.
-
11
Vijay Kumar S, Ranjan S, Saxena V, Rajesh V, Roy SK, Kochar D, Ranjan A, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum: genetic diversity of C-terminal region of MSP-1 in isolates from Indian sub-continent. Exp Parasitol 110 :384–388.
-
12
Zakeri S, Abouie Mehrizi A, Djadid ND, Snounou G, 2006. Circumsporozoite protein gene diversity among temperate and tropical Plasmodium vivax isolates from Iran. Trop Med Int Health 11 :729–737.
-
13
Kim T, Kim YJ, Song KJ, Song JW, Cha SH, Kim YK, Shin YK, Suh IB, Lim CS, 2002. The molecular characteristics of circumsporozoite protein gene subtypes from Plasmodium vivax isolates in Republic of Korea. Parasitol Res 88 :1051–1054.
-
14
Cui L, Mascorro CN, Fan Q, Rzomp KA, Khuntirat B, Zhou G, Chen H, Yan G, Sattabongkot J, 2003. Genetic diversity and multiple infections of Plasmodium vivax malaria in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :613–619.
-
15
Lim CS, Kim YK, Lee KN, Kim SH, Hoffman KJ, Song KJ, Song JW, 2001. The analysis of circumsporozoite-protein gene sequences from South Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax.Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :229–235.
-
16
Cole-Tobian JL, Biasor M, King CL, 2005. High complexity of Plasmodium vivax infections in Papua New Guinean children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :626–633.
-
17
Leclerc MC, Gauthier C, Villegas L, Urdaneta L, 2005. Genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax isolates in mining villages of Venezuela (Bolivar State). Acta Trop 95 :26–32.
-
18
Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N, Zeinali S, 2003. Sequence heterogeneity of the merozoite surface protein-1 gene (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax wild isolates in southeastern Iran. Acta Trop 88 :91–97.
-
19
Gordon DM, Cosgriff TM, Schneider I, Wasserman GF, Majarian WR, Hollingdale MR, Chulay JD, 1990. Safety and immunogenicity of a Plasmodium vivax sporozoite vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 :527–531.
-
20
Rosenberg R, Wirtz RA, Lanar DE, Sattabongkot J, Hall T, Waters AP, Prasittisuk C, 1989. Circumsporozoite protein heterogeneity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax.Science 245 :973–976.
-
21
Qari SH, Shi YP, Goldman IF, Udhayakumar V, Alpers MP, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1993. Identification of Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite. Lancet 341 :780–783.
-
22
Kain KC, Brown AE, Lanar DE, Ballou WR, Webster HK, 1993. Response of Plasmodium vivax variants to chloroquine as determined by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :478–484.
-
23
Arnot DE, Barnwell JW, Tam JP, Nussenzweig V, Nussenzweig RS, Enea V, 1985. Circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization of the immunodominant epitope. Science 230 :815–818.
-
24
Goldman IF, Qari SH, Millet PG, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1993. Circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-like monkey malaria parasite. Mol Biochem Parasitol 57 :177–180.
-
25
Udhayakumar V, Qari SH, Patterson P, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1994. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein repeats of a Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite and Plasmodium simiovale.Infect Immun 62 :2098–2100.
-
26
Cochrane AH, Nardin EH, de Arruda M, Maracic M, Clavijo P, Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, 1990. Widespread reactivity of human sera with a variant repeat of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :446–451.
-
27
Qari SH, Shi YP, Povoa MM, Alpers MP, Deloron P, Murphy GS, Harjosuwarno S, Lal AA, 1993. Global occurrence of Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite. J Infect Dis 168 :1485–1489.
-
28
Gopinath R, Wongsrichanalai C, Cordon-Rosales C, Mirabelli L, Kyle D, Kain KC, 1994. Failure to detect a Plasmodium vivax-like malaria parasite in globally collected blood samples. J Infect Dis 170 :1630–1633.
-
29
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Pratt-Riccio LR, Arruda M, Santos F, Ribeiro CT, Goldberg AC, Banic DM, 2004. HLA class II and antibody responses to circumsporozoite protein repeats of P. vivax (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. Acta Trop 92 :63–69.
-
30
de Arruda M, Souza RC, Veiga ME, Ferreira AF, Zimmerman RH, 1998. Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax variants VK247 and P. vivax-like human malaria: a retrospective study in indigenous Indian populations of the Amazon region of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :628.
-
31
Marrelli MT, Branquinho MS, Hoffmann EH, Taipe-Lagos CB, Natal D, Kloetzel JK, 1998. Correlation between positive serology for Plasmodium vivax-like/Plasmodium simiovale malaria parasites in the human and anopheline populations in the State of Acre, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :149–151.
-
32
Machado RL, Povoa MM, 2000. Distribution of Plasmodium vivax variants (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) in three endemic areas of the Amazon region of Brazil and their correlation with chloroquine treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :377–381.
-
33
Gibson HL, Tucker JE, Kaslow DC, Krettli AU, Collins WE, Kiefer MC, Bathurst IC, Barr PJ, 1992. Structure and expression of the gene for Pv200, a major blood-stage surface antigen of Plasmodium vivax.Mol Biochem Parasitol 50 :325–333.
-
34
Collins WE, Kaslow DC, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Yang C, Saekhou AM, Xiao L, Lal AA, 1999. Testing the efficacy of a recombinant merozoite surface protein (MSP-1(19) of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :350–356.
-
35
Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Sakihama N, Ferreira MU, Kho WG, Kaneko A, Kanbara H, Hattori T, Tanabe K, 2002. Mosaic organization and heterogeneity in frequency of allelic recombination of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 :16348–16353.
-
36
Holder AA, 1988. The precursor to major merozoite surface antigens: structure and role in immunity. Prog Allergy 41 :72–97.
-
37
Blackman MJ, Heidrich HG, Donachie S, McBride JS, Holder AA, 1990. A single fragment of a malaria merozoite surface protein remains on the parasite during red cell invasion and is the target of invasion-inhibiting antibodies. J Exp Med 172 :379–382.
-
38
Guevara Patino JA, Holder AA, McBride JS, Blackman MJ, 1997. Antibodies that inhibit malaria merozoite surface protein-1 processing and erythrocyte invasion are blocked by naturally acquired human antibodies. J Exp Med 186 :1689–1699.
-
39
Spencer Valero LM, Ogun SA, Fleck SL, Ling IT, Scott-Finnigan TJ, Blackman MJ, Holder AA, 1998. Passive immunization with antibodies against three distinct epitopes on Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 suppresses parasitemia. Infect Immun 66 :3925–3930.
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40
Stowers AW, Cioce V, Shimp RL, Lawson M, Hui G, Muratova O, Kaslow DC, Robinson R, Long CA, Miller LH, 2001. Efficacy of two alternate vaccines based on Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 in an Aotus challenge trial. Infect Immun 69 :1536–1546.
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Rawlins SC, Tiwari T, Chadee DD, Validum L, Alexander H, Nazeer R, Rawlins SR, 2001. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guyana, South America. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :245–251.
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Chadee DD, Rawlins SC, Tiwari TS, 2003. Short communication: concomitant malaria and filariasis infections in Georgetown, Guyana. Trop Med Int Health 8 :140–143.
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Rawlins SC, Lammie P, Tiwari T, Pons P, Chadee DD, Oostburg BF, Baboolal S, 2000. Lymphatic filariasis in the Caribbean region: the opportunity for its elimination and certification. Rev Panam Salud Publica 7 :319–324.
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Lindo JF, Validum L, Ager AL, Campa A, Cuadrado RR, Cummings R, Palmer CJ, 2002. Intestinal parasites among young children in the interior of Guyana. West Indian Med J 51 :25–27.
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Palmer CJ, Validum L, Loeffke B, Laubach HE, Mitchell C, Cummings R, Cuadrado RR, 2002. HIV prevalence in a gold mining camp in the Amazon region, Guyana. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :330–331.
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Machado RL, de Figuereido Filho AF, Calvosa VS, Figueredo MC, Nascimento JM, Povoa MM, 2003. Correlation between Plasmodium vivax variants in Belem, Para State, Brazil and symptoms and clearance of parasitaemia. Braz J Infect Dis 7 :175–177.
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GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX PVCSP AND PVMSP1 IN GUYANA, SOUTH AMERICA
J. ALFREDO BONILLA
J. ALFREDO BONILLA
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Tropical Medicine, Woodlands Hospital, Georgetown, Guyana; Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
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LLOYD VALIDUM
LLOYD VALIDUM
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Tropical Medicine, Woodlands Hospital, Georgetown, Guyana; Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
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RUDOLPH CUMMINGS
RUDOLPH CUMMINGS
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Tropical Medicine, Woodlands Hospital, Georgetown, Guyana; Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
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CAROL J. PALMER
CAROL J. PALMER
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Tropical Medicine, Woodlands Hospital, Georgetown, Guyana; Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
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Approximately 55% of malaria infections in the Guyana Amazon region are attributed to Plasmodium falciparum while the other 45% are attributed to non-falciparum, mostly Plasmodium vivax. However, little is known about the P. vivax strain types circulating in the region. Using PCR for Plasmodium detection and two genetic markers specific to P. vivax to detect the polymorphic circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the conserved 19-kDa region of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), we investigated the overall Plasmodium strain distribution and population diversity within P. vivax in isolates collected from the blood of infected individuals in the interior Amazon region of Guyana, South America. Out of a total of 250 samples positive for Plasmodium, P. vivax was detected in 30% (76/250) and P. falciparum was detected in 76% (189/250). Mixed infections containing both P. falciparum and P. vivax constituted 6% (15/250) of the total positive samples. Further analysis of P. vivax strains showed that 92% (56/61) of the P. vivax samples hybridized with a probe specific to type VK210, 39% (24/61) hybridized with a probe specific for type VK247, and 25% (15/61) hybridized with a probe specific for the P. vivax-like CS genotype. DNA sequencing of the 19-kDa C-terminal domain in block 13 of MSP-1 amplified from 61 samples from patients infected with P. vivax demonstrated that this region is highly conserved, and all samples were identical at the nucleotide level to the Belem and Salvador-1 types. No synonymous or nonsynonymous mutations were observed in this region of the gene, indicating that current vaccine-development efforts based on the MSP-119 fragment would be applicable in Guyana.
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-
1
Kochar DK, Saxena V, Singh N, Kochar SK, Kumar SV, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium vivax malaria. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :132–134.
-
2
Lacerda MV, Alexandre MA, Santos PD, Arcanjo AR, Alecrim WD, Alecrim MG, 2004. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura due to vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Trop 90 :187–190.
-
3
Beg MA, Khan R, Baig SM, Gulzar Z, Hussain R, Smego RA Jr, 2002. Cerebral involvement in benign tertian malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :230–232.
-
4
Ruebush TK 2nd, Zegarra J, Cairo J, Andersen EM, Green M, Pillai DR, Marquino W, Huilca M, Arevalo E, Garcia C, Solary L, Kain KC, 2003. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :548–552.
-
5
Taylor WR, Doan HN, Nguyen DT, Tran TU, Fryauff DJ, Gomez-Saladin E, Kain KC, Le DC, Baird JK, 2000. Assessing drug sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to halofantrine or chloroquine in southern, central Vietnam using an extended 28-day in vivo test and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :693–697.
-
6
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
7
Cui L, Escalante AA, Imwong M, Snounou G, 2003. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax populations. Trends Parasitol 19 :220–226.
-
8
Escalante AA, Grebert HM, Isea R, Goldman IF, Basco L, Magris M, Biswas S, Kariuki S, Lal AA, 2002. A study of genetic diversity in the gene encoding the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum from different transmission areas. XVI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125 :83–90.
-
9
Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich SM, 2003. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum.Gene 304 :65–75.
-
10
Silva NS, Silveira LA, Machado RL, Povoa MM, Ferreira MU, 2000. Temporal and spatial distribution of the variants of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Brazil. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :675–688.
-
11
Vijay Kumar S, Ranjan S, Saxena V, Rajesh V, Roy SK, Kochar D, Ranjan A, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum: genetic diversity of C-terminal region of MSP-1 in isolates from Indian sub-continent. Exp Parasitol 110 :384–388.
-
12
Zakeri S, Abouie Mehrizi A, Djadid ND, Snounou G, 2006. Circumsporozoite protein gene diversity among temperate and tropical Plasmodium vivax isolates from Iran. Trop Med Int Health 11 :729–737.
-
13
Kim T, Kim YJ, Song KJ, Song JW, Cha SH, Kim YK, Shin YK, Suh IB, Lim CS, 2002. The molecular characteristics of circumsporozoite protein gene subtypes from Plasmodium vivax isolates in Republic of Korea. Parasitol Res 88 :1051–1054.
-
14
Cui L, Mascorro CN, Fan Q, Rzomp KA, Khuntirat B, Zhou G, Chen H, Yan G, Sattabongkot J, 2003. Genetic diversity and multiple infections of Plasmodium vivax malaria in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :613–619.
-
15
Lim CS, Kim YK, Lee KN, Kim SH, Hoffman KJ, Song KJ, Song JW, 2001. The analysis of circumsporozoite-protein gene sequences from South Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax.Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :229–235.
-
16
Cole-Tobian JL, Biasor M, King CL, 2005. High complexity of Plasmodium vivax infections in Papua New Guinean children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :626–633.
-
17
Leclerc MC, Gauthier C, Villegas L, Urdaneta L, 2005. Genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax isolates in mining villages of Venezuela (Bolivar State). Acta Trop 95 :26–32.
-
18
Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N, Zeinali S, 2003. Sequence heterogeneity of the merozoite surface protein-1 gene (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax wild isolates in southeastern Iran. Acta Trop 88 :91–97.
-
19
Gordon DM, Cosgriff TM, Schneider I, Wasserman GF, Majarian WR, Hollingdale MR, Chulay JD, 1990. Safety and immunogenicity of a Plasmodium vivax sporozoite vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 :527–531.
-
20
Rosenberg R, Wirtz RA, Lanar DE, Sattabongkot J, Hall T, Waters AP, Prasittisuk C, 1989. Circumsporozoite protein heterogeneity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax.Science 245 :973–976.
-
21
Qari SH, Shi YP, Goldman IF, Udhayakumar V, Alpers MP, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1993. Identification of Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite. Lancet 341 :780–783.
-
22
Kain KC, Brown AE, Lanar DE, Ballou WR, Webster HK, 1993. Response of Plasmodium vivax variants to chloroquine as determined by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :478–484.
-
23
Arnot DE, Barnwell JW, Tam JP, Nussenzweig V, Nussenzweig RS, Enea V, 1985. Circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization of the immunodominant epitope. Science 230 :815–818.
-
24
Goldman IF, Qari SH, Millet PG, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1993. Circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-like monkey malaria parasite. Mol Biochem Parasitol 57 :177–180.
-
25
Udhayakumar V, Qari SH, Patterson P, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1994. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein repeats of a Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite and Plasmodium simiovale.Infect Immun 62 :2098–2100.
-
26
Cochrane AH, Nardin EH, de Arruda M, Maracic M, Clavijo P, Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, 1990. Widespread reactivity of human sera with a variant repeat of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :446–451.
-
27
Qari SH, Shi YP, Povoa MM, Alpers MP, Deloron P, Murphy GS, Harjosuwarno S, Lal AA, 1993. Global occurrence of Plasmodium vivax-like human malaria parasite. J Infect Dis 168 :1485–1489.
-
28
Gopinath R, Wongsrichanalai C, Cordon-Rosales C, Mirabelli L, Kyle D, Kain KC, 1994. Failure to detect a Plasmodium vivax-like malaria parasite in globally collected blood samples. J Infect Dis 170 :1630–1633.
-
29
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Pratt-Riccio LR, Arruda M, Santos F, Ribeiro CT, Goldberg AC, Banic DM, 2004. HLA class II and antibody responses to circumsporozoite protein repeats of P. vivax (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. Acta Trop 92 :63–69.
-
30
de Arruda M, Souza RC, Veiga ME, Ferreira AF, Zimmerman RH, 1998. Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax variants VK247 and P. vivax-like human malaria: a retrospective study in indigenous Indian populations of the Amazon region of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :628.
-
31
Marrelli MT, Branquinho MS, Hoffmann EH, Taipe-Lagos CB, Natal D, Kloetzel JK, 1998. Correlation between positive serology for Plasmodium vivax-like/Plasmodium simiovale malaria parasites in the human and anopheline populations in the State of Acre, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :149–151.
-
32
Machado RL, Povoa MM, 2000. Distribution of Plasmodium vivax variants (VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like) in three endemic areas of the Amazon region of Brazil and their correlation with chloroquine treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :377–381.
-
33
Gibson HL, Tucker JE, Kaslow DC, Krettli AU, Collins WE, Kiefer MC, Bathurst IC, Barr PJ, 1992. Structure and expression of the gene for Pv200, a major blood-stage surface antigen of Plasmodium vivax.Mol Biochem Parasitol 50 :325–333.
-
34
Collins WE, Kaslow DC, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Yang C, Saekhou AM, Xiao L, Lal AA, 1999. Testing the efficacy of a recombinant merozoite surface protein (MSP-1(19) of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :350–356.
-
35
Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Sakihama N, Ferreira MU, Kho WG, Kaneko A, Kanbara H, Hattori T, Tanabe K, 2002. Mosaic organization and heterogeneity in frequency of allelic recombination of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 :16348–16353.
-
36
Holder AA, 1988. The precursor to major merozoite surface antigens: structure and role in immunity. Prog Allergy 41 :72–97.
-
37
Blackman MJ, Heidrich HG, Donachie S, McBride JS, Holder AA, 1990. A single fragment of a malaria merozoite surface protein remains on the parasite during red cell invasion and is the target of invasion-inhibiting antibodies. J Exp Med 172 :379–382.
-
38
Guevara Patino JA, Holder AA, McBride JS, Blackman MJ, 1997. Antibodies that inhibit malaria merozoite surface protein-1 processing and erythrocyte invasion are blocked by naturally acquired human antibodies. J Exp Med 186 :1689–1699.
-
39
Spencer Valero LM, Ogun SA, Fleck SL, Ling IT, Scott-Finnigan TJ, Blackman MJ, Holder AA, 1998. Passive immunization with antibodies against three distinct epitopes on Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 suppresses parasitemia. Infect Immun 66 :3925–3930.
-
40
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