ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Wittet S, 2000. Introducing GAVI and the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines. Vaccine 19 :385–386.
-
2
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Stevens CE, Wang KY, Sun TS, Hsieh FJ, Szmuness W, 1981. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) efficacy in the interruption of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus carrier state. Initial report of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2 :388–393.
-
3
Maynard JE, Kane MA, Hadler SC, 1989. Global control of hepatitis B through vaccination: role of hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 3):574–578.
-
4
Yao JL, 1996. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination in China. Gut 38 :37–38.
-
5
Poovorawan Y, Sanpavat S, Pongpunglert W, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Sentrakul P, Vandepapeliere P, Safary A, 1992. Long term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to hepatitis B e antigen-positive mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 :816–821.
-
6
Andre FE, Zuckerman AJ, 1994. Review: protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccines in neonates. J Med Virol 44 :144–151.
-
7
Huang K, Lin S, 2000. Nationwide vaccination: a success story in Taiwan. Vaccine 18 :35–38.
-
8
Kao JH, Hsu HM, Shau WY, Chang MH, Chen DS, 2001. Universal hepatitis B vaccination and the decreased mortality from fulminant hepatitis in infants in Taiwan. J Pediatr 139 :349–352.
-
9
Hsu HY, Chang MH, Chen DS, Lee CY, Sung JL, 1986. Baseline seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1984: a study just before mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. J Med Virol 18 :301–307.
-
10
Hsu HM, Chen DS, Chuang CH, Lu JC, Jwo DM, Lee CC, Lu HC, Cheng SH, Wang YF, Wang CY, Lo KJ, Shih CJ, Sung JL, 1988. Efficacy of a mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. Studies on 3,464 infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. JAMA 260 :2231–2235.
-
11
Tran VB, Buu M, Nguyen TM, Morris GE, 1993. Hepatitis B in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :262 .
-
12
Nakata S, Song P, Duc DD, Nguyen XQ, Murata K, Tsuda F, Okamoto H, 1994. Hepatitis C and B virus infections in populations at low or high risk in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 :416–419.
-
13
Katelaris PH, Robertson G, Bradbury R, Tippett G, Hoa DQ, Ngu MC, 1995. Seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses in children in rural Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :487.
-
14
Lee PI, Lee CY, Huang LM, Chang MH, 1995. Long-term efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and risk of natural infection in infants born to mothers with hepatitis B e antigen. J Pediatr 126 :716–721.
-
15
McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP, Maynard JE, 1985. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 151 :599–603.
-
16
Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Tassopoulos N, Richardson SC, Kalafatas P, Papaevangelou G, 1985. How often does chronic liver disease follow acute hepatitis B in adults? Infection 13 :174–176.
-
17
Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC, 1993. The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 253 :197–201.
-
18
Hyams KC, 1995. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clin Infect Dis 20 :992–1000.
-
19
Milne A, Allwood GK, Moyes CD, Pearce NE, Lucas CR, 1985. Prevalence of hepatitis B infections in a multiracial New Zealand community. N Z Med J 98 :529–532.
-
20
Franks AL, Berg CJ, Kane MA, Browne BB, Sikes RK, Elsea WR, Burton AH, 1989. Hepatitis B virus infection among children born in the United States to Southeast Asian refugees. N Engl J Med 321 :1301–1305.
-
21
Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Judson FN, Mares A, Miller JK, Moyer LA, 1990. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA 263 :1218–1222.
-
22
Goh KT, 1997. Prevention and control of hepatitis B virus infection in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 26 :671–681.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control, 1991. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 40 :1–25.
-
24
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1992. Universal hepatitis B immunization. Pediatrics 89 :795–800.
-
25
World Health Organization, 1992. Expanded program on immunization. Global Advisory Group—Part 1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 67 :11–15.
-
26
Ghendon Y, 1987. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in high-incidence countries. J Virol Methods 17 :69–79.
-
27
Gust ID, 1996. Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific and South East Asia. Gut 38 :18–23.
-
28
Mahoney FJ, Kane M, 1999. Hepatitis B vaccine. Plotkin, SA, Orenstein, W, eds. Vaccines. Third edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 158–181.
-
29
Chu CM, Sheen IS, Lin SM, Liaw YF, 1993. Sex difference in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: studies of serum HBeAg and alanine aminotransferase levels in 10,431 asymptomatic Chinese HBsAg carriers. Clin Infect Dis 16 :709–713.
-
30
Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W, 1977. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 105 :94–98.
-
31
Pongpipat D, Suvatte V, Assateerawatts A, 1985. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 3 :191–193.
-
32
Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Wu TC, Wang JY, Chen GH, Yeh CL, Chiang BN, Yeh SH, Goudeau A, Coursaget P, Tong MJ, 1985. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carrier mothers. J Infect Dis 152 :817–822.
-
33
Smego RA Jr, Halsey NA, 1987. The case for routine hepatitis B immunization in infancy for populations at increased risk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6 :11–19.
-
35
Goudeau A, Lo KJ, Coursaget P, Tong MJ, Yeh CL, Tsai YT, Lee JK, Wu TC, Yeh SH, Lee SD, 1983. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg positive/HBeAg positive mothers. Preliminary results of active and passive-active immunization. Dev Biol Stand 54 :399–404.
-
36
Ruff TA, Gertig DM, Otto BF, Gust ID, Sutanto A, Soewarso TI, Kandun N, Marschner IC, Maynard JE, 1995. Lombok Hepatitis B Model Immunization Project: toward universal infant hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia. J Infect Dis 171 :290–296.
-
37
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, 1984. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH, eds. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Gruen and Stratton, 209–224.
-
38
Margolis HS, Coleman PJ, Brown RE, Mast EE, Sheingold SH, Arevalo JA, 1995. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. JAMA 274 :1201–1208.
-
39
Harpaz R, McMahon BJ, Margolis HS, Shapiro CN, Havron D, Carpenter G, Bulkow LR, Wainwright RB, 2000. Elimination of new chronic hepatitis B virus infections: results of the Alaska immunization program. J Infect Dis 181 :413–418.
-
40
Mahoney FJ, Woodruff BA, Erben JJ, Coleman PJ, Reid EC, Schatz GC, Kane MA, 1993. Effect of a hepatitis B vaccination program on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. J Infect Dis 167 :203–207.
-
41
Wilson N, Ruff TA, Rana BJ, Leydon J, Locarnini S, 2000. The effectiveness of the infant hepatitis B immunisation program in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu. Vaccine 18 :3059–3066.
-
42
Yao GB, 1996. Importance of perinatal versus horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in China. Gut 38 :39–42.
-
43
Chunsuttiwat S, Biggs BA, Maynard J, Thamapalo S, Laoboripat S, Bovornsin S, Charanasri U, Pinyowiwat W, Kunasol P, 1997. Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into the expanded programme on immunization in Chonburi and Chiangmai provinces, Thailand. Vaccine 15 :769–774.
-
44
Al-Faleh FZ, Al-Jeffri M, Ramia S, Al-Rashed R, Arif M, Rezeig M, Al-Toraif I, Bakhsh M, Mishkkhas A, Makki O, Al-Freihi H, Mirdad S, AlJuma A, Yasin T, Al-Swailem A, Ayoola A, 1999. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect 38 :167–170.
-
45
Viviani S, Jack A, Hall AJ, Maine N, Mendy M, Montesano R,Whittle HC, 1999. Hepatitis B vaccination in infancy in The Gambia: protection against carriage at 9 years of age. Vaccine 17 :2946–2950.
-
46
Tsen YJ, Chang MH, Hsu HY, Lee CY, Sung JL,Chen DS, 1991. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1989: five years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination program. J Med Virol 34 :96–99.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 452 | 418 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 442 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 157 | 7 | 1 |
HEPATITIS B INFECTION IN RURAL VIETNAM AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM OF INFANT IMMUNIZATION
DAVID B. HIPGRAVE
DAVID B. HIPGRAVE
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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NGUYEN THU VAN
NGUYEN THU VAN
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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VU MINH HUONG
VU MINH HUONG
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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HOANG THUY LONG
HOANG THUY LONG
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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DO TUAN DAT
DO TUAN DAT
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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TRAN NAM TRUNG
TRAN NAM TRUNG
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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DAMIEN JOLLEY
DAMIEN JOLLEY
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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JAMES E. MAYNARD
JAMES E. MAYNARD
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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BEVERLEY-ANN BIGGS
BEVERLEY-ANN BIGGS
International Health Unit, The Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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To ascertain hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rates for Vietnam, we surveyed HBV markers in two districts of Thanh Hoa province. We randomly selected 536 infants (9– ≤ 18 months old), 228 children (4 to ≤ 6 years old), 219 adolescents (14 to ≤ 16 years old), and 596 adults (25 to ≤ 40 years old). On questioning, none of those surveyed had received vaccine against HBV. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and total HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) were measured in all specimens, and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) in those positive for HBsAg, and HBV surface antibody (anti-HBs) were measured in all others. Current infection (HBsAg+) rates were infants = 12.5%, children = 18.4%, adolescents = 20.5%, and adults = 18.8%. Current or previous infection (HBsAg+, anti-HBc+, or anti-HBs+) increased with age (infants = 19.6%, children = 36.4%, adolescents = 55.3%, adults = 79.2%). Rates of HBeAg among those HBsAg+ were infants = 85.1%, children = 88.1%, adolescents = 71.1%, and adults = 30.4%. The epidemiology of HBV in Vietnam resembles that of many southeast Asian nations before introduction of vaccine. Immunization of newborns will have enormous impact on HBV-related morbidity and mortality there.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Wittet S, 2000. Introducing GAVI and the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines. Vaccine 19 :385–386.
-
2
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Stevens CE, Wang KY, Sun TS, Hsieh FJ, Szmuness W, 1981. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) efficacy in the interruption of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus carrier state. Initial report of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2 :388–393.
-
3
Maynard JE, Kane MA, Hadler SC, 1989. Global control of hepatitis B through vaccination: role of hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 3):574–578.
-
4
Yao JL, 1996. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination in China. Gut 38 :37–38.
-
5
Poovorawan Y, Sanpavat S, Pongpunglert W, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Sentrakul P, Vandepapeliere P, Safary A, 1992. Long term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to hepatitis B e antigen-positive mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 :816–821.
-
6
Andre FE, Zuckerman AJ, 1994. Review: protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccines in neonates. J Med Virol 44 :144–151.
-
7
Huang K, Lin S, 2000. Nationwide vaccination: a success story in Taiwan. Vaccine 18 :35–38.
-
8
Kao JH, Hsu HM, Shau WY, Chang MH, Chen DS, 2001. Universal hepatitis B vaccination and the decreased mortality from fulminant hepatitis in infants in Taiwan. J Pediatr 139 :349–352.
-
9
Hsu HY, Chang MH, Chen DS, Lee CY, Sung JL, 1986. Baseline seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1984: a study just before mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. J Med Virol 18 :301–307.
-
10
Hsu HM, Chen DS, Chuang CH, Lu JC, Jwo DM, Lee CC, Lu HC, Cheng SH, Wang YF, Wang CY, Lo KJ, Shih CJ, Sung JL, 1988. Efficacy of a mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. Studies on 3,464 infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. JAMA 260 :2231–2235.
-
11
Tran VB, Buu M, Nguyen TM, Morris GE, 1993. Hepatitis B in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :262 .
-
12
Nakata S, Song P, Duc DD, Nguyen XQ, Murata K, Tsuda F, Okamoto H, 1994. Hepatitis C and B virus infections in populations at low or high risk in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 :416–419.
-
13
Katelaris PH, Robertson G, Bradbury R, Tippett G, Hoa DQ, Ngu MC, 1995. Seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses in children in rural Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :487.
-
14
Lee PI, Lee CY, Huang LM, Chang MH, 1995. Long-term efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and risk of natural infection in infants born to mothers with hepatitis B e antigen. J Pediatr 126 :716–721.
-
15
McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP, Maynard JE, 1985. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 151 :599–603.
-
16
Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Tassopoulos N, Richardson SC, Kalafatas P, Papaevangelou G, 1985. How often does chronic liver disease follow acute hepatitis B in adults? Infection 13 :174–176.
-
17
Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC, 1993. The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 253 :197–201.
-
18
Hyams KC, 1995. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clin Infect Dis 20 :992–1000.
-
19
Milne A, Allwood GK, Moyes CD, Pearce NE, Lucas CR, 1985. Prevalence of hepatitis B infections in a multiracial New Zealand community. N Z Med J 98 :529–532.
-
20
Franks AL, Berg CJ, Kane MA, Browne BB, Sikes RK, Elsea WR, Burton AH, 1989. Hepatitis B virus infection among children born in the United States to Southeast Asian refugees. N Engl J Med 321 :1301–1305.
-
21
Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Judson FN, Mares A, Miller JK, Moyer LA, 1990. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA 263 :1218–1222.
-
22
Goh KT, 1997. Prevention and control of hepatitis B virus infection in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 26 :671–681.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control, 1991. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 40 :1–25.
-
24
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1992. Universal hepatitis B immunization. Pediatrics 89 :795–800.
-
25
World Health Organization, 1992. Expanded program on immunization. Global Advisory Group—Part 1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 67 :11–15.
-
26
Ghendon Y, 1987. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in high-incidence countries. J Virol Methods 17 :69–79.
-
27
Gust ID, 1996. Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in the Western Pacific and South East Asia. Gut 38 :18–23.
-
28
Mahoney FJ, Kane M, 1999. Hepatitis B vaccine. Plotkin, SA, Orenstein, W, eds. Vaccines. Third edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 158–181.
-
29
Chu CM, Sheen IS, Lin SM, Liaw YF, 1993. Sex difference in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: studies of serum HBeAg and alanine aminotransferase levels in 10,431 asymptomatic Chinese HBsAg carriers. Clin Infect Dis 16 :709–713.
-
30
Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W, 1977. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 105 :94–98.
-
31
Pongpipat D, Suvatte V, Assateerawatts A, 1985. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 3 :191–193.
-
32
Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Wu TC, Wang JY, Chen GH, Yeh CL, Chiang BN, Yeh SH, Goudeau A, Coursaget P, Tong MJ, 1985. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carrier mothers. J Infect Dis 152 :817–822.
-
33
Smego RA Jr, Halsey NA, 1987. The case for routine hepatitis B immunization in infancy for populations at increased risk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6 :11–19.
-
35
Goudeau A, Lo KJ, Coursaget P, Tong MJ, Yeh CL, Tsai YT, Lee JK, Wu TC, Yeh SH, Lee SD, 1983. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg positive/HBeAg positive mothers. Preliminary results of active and passive-active immunization. Dev Biol Stand 54 :399–404.
-
36
Ruff TA, Gertig DM, Otto BF, Gust ID, Sutanto A, Soewarso TI, Kandun N, Marschner IC, Maynard JE, 1995. Lombok Hepatitis B Model Immunization Project: toward universal infant hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia. J Infect Dis 171 :290–296.
-
37
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, 1984. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH, eds. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Gruen and Stratton, 209–224.
-
38
Margolis HS, Coleman PJ, Brown RE, Mast EE, Sheingold SH, Arevalo JA, 1995. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. JAMA 274 :1201–1208.
-
39
Harpaz R, McMahon BJ, Margolis HS, Shapiro CN, Havron D, Carpenter G, Bulkow LR, Wainwright RB, 2000. Elimination of new chronic hepatitis B virus infections: results of the Alaska immunization program. J Infect Dis 181 :413–418.
-
40
Mahoney FJ, Woodruff BA, Erben JJ, Coleman PJ, Reid EC, Schatz GC, Kane MA, 1993. Effect of a hepatitis B vaccination program on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. J Infect Dis 167 :203–207.
-
41
Wilson N, Ruff TA, Rana BJ, Leydon J, Locarnini S, 2000. The effectiveness of the infant hepatitis B immunisation program in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu. Vaccine 18 :3059–3066.
-
42
Yao GB, 1996. Importance of perinatal versus horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in China. Gut 38 :39–42.
-
43
Chunsuttiwat S, Biggs BA, Maynard J, Thamapalo S, Laoboripat S, Bovornsin S, Charanasri U, Pinyowiwat W, Kunasol P, 1997. Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into the expanded programme on immunization in Chonburi and Chiangmai provinces, Thailand. Vaccine 15 :769–774.
-
44
Al-Faleh FZ, Al-Jeffri M, Ramia S, Al-Rashed R, Arif M, Rezeig M, Al-Toraif I, Bakhsh M, Mishkkhas A, Makki O, Al-Freihi H, Mirdad S, AlJuma A, Yasin T, Al-Swailem A, Ayoola A, 1999. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect 38 :167–170.
-
45
Viviani S, Jack A, Hall AJ, Maine N, Mendy M, Montesano R,Whittle HC, 1999. Hepatitis B vaccination in infancy in The Gambia: protection against carriage at 9 years of age. Vaccine 17 :2946–2950.
-
46
Tsen YJ, Chang MH, Hsu HY, Lee CY, Sung JL,Chen DS, 1991. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1989: five years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination program. J Med Virol 34 :96–99.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 452 | 418 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 442 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 157 | 7 | 1 |