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-
1
Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF, Leman PA, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Zaki SR, 1997. Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1219 :839–846.
-
2
Leshchinskaya EV, 1965. Crimean hemorrhagic fever (in Russian). Trudy Inst Polio Virus Entsef Akad Med Nauk SSSR 7 :226–236.
-
3
Burney MI, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb PA, Casals J, 1980. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :941–947.
-
4
Bosan AH, Kakar F, Dil AS, Asghar H, Zaidi S, 2000. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Pakistan. Dis Surveillance 2 :4–5.
-
5
Scrimgeour EM, 1995. Communicable diseases in Saudia Arabia; an epidemiological review. Trop Dis Bull 92 :R79–R95.
-
6
Suleiman MN, Muscat-Baron JM, Harries JR, Satti AG, Platt GS, Bowen ET, Simpson DI, 1980. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai. An outbreak at the Rashid Hospital. Lancet 2 :939–941.
-
7
Al-Nakib W, Lloyd G, El-Mekki A, Platt G, Beeson A, Southee T, 1984. Preliminary report on arbovirus-antibody prevalence among patients in Kuwait: evidence of Congo/Crimean virus infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :474–476.
-
8
Al-Tikriti SK, Al-Ani F, Jurji FJ, Tantawi H, Al-Moslih M, Al-Janabi N, Mahmud MI, Al-Bana A, Habib H, Al-Munthri H, Al-Janabi S, AL-Jawahry K, Yonan M, Hassan F, Simpson DI, 1981. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bull World Health Organ 59 :85–90.
-
9
Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB, 1995. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet 346 :472–475.
-
10
el-Azazy OM, Scrimgeour EM, 1997. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in the western province of Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :275–278.
-
11
Khan AS, Maupin GO, Rollin PE, Noor AM, Shurie HH, Shalabi AG, Wasef S, Haddad YM, Sadek R, Ijaz K, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG, 1997. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates, 1994–1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :519–525.
-
12
van de Wal BW, Joubert JR, van Eeden PJ, King JB, 1985. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part IV. Preventive and prophylactic measures. S Afr Med J 68 :729–732.
-
13
van Eeden PJ, Joubert JR, van de Wal BW, King JB, de Kock A, Groenewald JH, 1985. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part I. Clinical features. S Afr Med J 68 :711–717.
-
14
Watts DM, Ussery MA, Nash D, Peters CJ, 1989. Inhibition of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral infectivity yields in vitro by ribavirin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :591–595.
-
15
Tignor GH, Hanham CA, 1993. Ribavirin efficacy in an in vivo model of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF) infection. Antiviral Res 22 :309–325.
-
16
Huggins JW, 1989. Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S750– S761.
-
17
McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, Scribner CL, Craven RB, Johnson KM, Elliott LH, Belmont-Williams R, 1986. Lassa fever. Effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med 314 :20–26.
-
18
Huggins JW, Hsiang CM, Cosgriff TM, Guang MY, Smith JI, Wu ZO, LeDuc JW, Zheng ZM, Meegan JM, Wang QN, 1991. Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Infect Dis 164 :1119–1127.
-
19
Swanepoel R, Leham P, Abbott JC, Burt FJ, Grobbelaar AA, 1990. Epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical pathology and treatment of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in South Africa. Proceedings and Abstracts of the VIIth International Congress of Virology. Berlin, West Germany.
-
20
CDC, 1988. Management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 :1–16.
-
21
Fisher-Hoch SP, Price ME, Craven RB, Price FM, Forthall DN, Sasso DR, Scott SM, McCormick JB, 1985. Safe intensive-care management of a severe case of Lassa fever with simple barrier nursing techniques. Lancet 2 :1227–1229.
-
22
Chapman LE, Wilson ML, Hall DB, LeGuenno B, Dykstra EA, Ba K, Fisher-Hoch SP, 1991. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal. J Infect Dis 164 :686–692.
-
23
Altaf A, Luby S, Ahmed AJ, Zaidi N, Khan AJ, Mirza S, McCormick J, Fisher-Hoch S, 1998. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan: contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop Med Int Health 3 :878–882.
-
24
Gonzalez JP, LeGuenno B, Guillaud M, Wilson ML, 1990. A fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Mauritania: virological and serological evidence suggesting epidemic transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :573–576.
-
25
Morrill JC, Soliman AK, Imam IZ, Botros BA, Moussa MI, Watts DM, 1990. Serological evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral infection among camels imported into Egypt. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :201–204.
-
26
Hoogstraal H, 1979. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol 15 :307–417.
-
27
Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB, Swanepoel R, Van Middlekoop A, Harvey S, Kustner HG, 1992. Risk of human infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in a South African rural community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :337–345.
-
28
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, 1986. Comparison of methods for isolation and titration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 24 :654–656.
-
29
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Gill DE, 1988. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reversed passive hemagglutination for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol 26 :347–353.
-
30
Swanepoel R, Gill DE, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Mynhardt JH, Harvey S, 1989. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infec Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S794– S800.
-
31
Fischer-Hoch SP, 1983. The haemostatic defect in viral haemorrhagic fevers. Br J Haematol 55 :565–571.
-
32
Galen RS, Gambino SR, 1975. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
-
33
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, 1989. Antibody response in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S801– S806.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 263 | 192 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 365 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 10 | 1 |
SHORT REPORT: CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER OUTBREAK IN RAWALPINDI, PAKISTAN, FEBRUARY 2002
MUHAMMAD NAUMAN ATHAR
MUHAMMAD NAUMAN ATHAR
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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HAIDER ZAIGHAM BAQAI
HAIDER ZAIGHAM BAQAI
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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MASOOD AHMAD
MASOOD AHMAD
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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MOHAMMAD ALI KHALID
MOHAMMAD ALI KHALID
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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NAGHMAN BASHIR
NAGHMAN BASHIR
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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AHSAN MAQBOOL AHMAD
AHSAN MAQBOOL AHMAD
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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ABBAS HAYAT BALOUCH
ABBAS HAYAT BALOUCH
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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KAUKAB BASHIR
KAUKAB BASHIR
Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever occurred in Rawalpindi, Pakistan in February 2002. The identified index case died shortly after admission to a hospital. Two of the health care workers became secondary cases; one of them died on day 13 after coming in contact with the index case. The other secondary case was successfully treated with oral ribavirin.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF, Leman PA, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Zaki SR, 1997. Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1219 :839–846.
-
2
Leshchinskaya EV, 1965. Crimean hemorrhagic fever (in Russian). Trudy Inst Polio Virus Entsef Akad Med Nauk SSSR 7 :226–236.
-
3
Burney MI, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb PA, Casals J, 1980. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :941–947.
-
4
Bosan AH, Kakar F, Dil AS, Asghar H, Zaidi S, 2000. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Pakistan. Dis Surveillance 2 :4–5.
-
5
Scrimgeour EM, 1995. Communicable diseases in Saudia Arabia; an epidemiological review. Trop Dis Bull 92 :R79–R95.
-
6
Suleiman MN, Muscat-Baron JM, Harries JR, Satti AG, Platt GS, Bowen ET, Simpson DI, 1980. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai. An outbreak at the Rashid Hospital. Lancet 2 :939–941.
-
7
Al-Nakib W, Lloyd G, El-Mekki A, Platt G, Beeson A, Southee T, 1984. Preliminary report on arbovirus-antibody prevalence among patients in Kuwait: evidence of Congo/Crimean virus infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :474–476.
-
8
Al-Tikriti SK, Al-Ani F, Jurji FJ, Tantawi H, Al-Moslih M, Al-Janabi N, Mahmud MI, Al-Bana A, Habib H, Al-Munthri H, Al-Janabi S, AL-Jawahry K, Yonan M, Hassan F, Simpson DI, 1981. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bull World Health Organ 59 :85–90.
-
9
Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB, 1995. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet 346 :472–475.
-
10
el-Azazy OM, Scrimgeour EM, 1997. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in the western province of Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :275–278.
-
11
Khan AS, Maupin GO, Rollin PE, Noor AM, Shurie HH, Shalabi AG, Wasef S, Haddad YM, Sadek R, Ijaz K, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG, 1997. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates, 1994–1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :519–525.
-
12
van de Wal BW, Joubert JR, van Eeden PJ, King JB, 1985. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part IV. Preventive and prophylactic measures. S Afr Med J 68 :729–732.
-
13
van Eeden PJ, Joubert JR, van de Wal BW, King JB, de Kock A, Groenewald JH, 1985. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part I. Clinical features. S Afr Med J 68 :711–717.
-
14
Watts DM, Ussery MA, Nash D, Peters CJ, 1989. Inhibition of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral infectivity yields in vitro by ribavirin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :591–595.
-
15
Tignor GH, Hanham CA, 1993. Ribavirin efficacy in an in vivo model of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF) infection. Antiviral Res 22 :309–325.
-
16
Huggins JW, 1989. Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S750– S761.
-
17
McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, Scribner CL, Craven RB, Johnson KM, Elliott LH, Belmont-Williams R, 1986. Lassa fever. Effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med 314 :20–26.
-
18
Huggins JW, Hsiang CM, Cosgriff TM, Guang MY, Smith JI, Wu ZO, LeDuc JW, Zheng ZM, Meegan JM, Wang QN, 1991. Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Infect Dis 164 :1119–1127.
-
19
Swanepoel R, Leham P, Abbott JC, Burt FJ, Grobbelaar AA, 1990. Epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical pathology and treatment of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in South Africa. Proceedings and Abstracts of the VIIth International Congress of Virology. Berlin, West Germany.
-
20
CDC, 1988. Management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 :1–16.
-
21
Fisher-Hoch SP, Price ME, Craven RB, Price FM, Forthall DN, Sasso DR, Scott SM, McCormick JB, 1985. Safe intensive-care management of a severe case of Lassa fever with simple barrier nursing techniques. Lancet 2 :1227–1229.
-
22
Chapman LE, Wilson ML, Hall DB, LeGuenno B, Dykstra EA, Ba K, Fisher-Hoch SP, 1991. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal. J Infect Dis 164 :686–692.
-
23
Altaf A, Luby S, Ahmed AJ, Zaidi N, Khan AJ, Mirza S, McCormick J, Fisher-Hoch S, 1998. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan: contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop Med Int Health 3 :878–882.
-
24
Gonzalez JP, LeGuenno B, Guillaud M, Wilson ML, 1990. A fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Mauritania: virological and serological evidence suggesting epidemic transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :573–576.
-
25
Morrill JC, Soliman AK, Imam IZ, Botros BA, Moussa MI, Watts DM, 1990. Serological evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral infection among camels imported into Egypt. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :201–204.
-
26
Hoogstraal H, 1979. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol 15 :307–417.
-
27
Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB, Swanepoel R, Van Middlekoop A, Harvey S, Kustner HG, 1992. Risk of human infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in a South African rural community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :337–345.
-
28
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, 1986. Comparison of methods for isolation and titration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 24 :654–656.
-
29
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Gill DE, 1988. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reversed passive hemagglutination for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol 26 :347–353.
-
30
Swanepoel R, Gill DE, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Mynhardt JH, Harvey S, 1989. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infec Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S794– S800.
-
31
Fischer-Hoch SP, 1983. The haemostatic defect in viral haemorrhagic fevers. Br J Haematol 55 :565–571.
-
32
Galen RS, Gambino SR, 1975. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
-
33
Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, 1989. Antibody response in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S801– S806.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 263 | 192 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 365 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 10 | 1 |