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1
Garcia HH, Martinez M, Gilman RH, Herrera G, Tsang VCW, Pilcher JB, Diaz F, Verastegui M, Gallo C, Porras M, Alvarado M, Naranjo J, Miranda E, and the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1991. Diagnosis of cysticercosis in endemic regions. Lancet 338 :549–551.
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White AC, 1997. Neurocysticercosis: a major cause of neurological disease worldwide. Clin Infect Dis 24 :101–113.
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Gonzalez AE, Cama V, Gilman RU, Tsang VC, Pilcher JB, Chayera A, Castro M, Montenegro T, Verastegui M, Miranda E, 1990. Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Perú. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :194–199.
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The Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1993. The marketing of cysticercotic pigs in the Sierra of Perú. Bull World Health Organ 71 :223–228.
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Garcia-Noval J, Moreno E, De Mata F, Soto de Alfaro H, Fletes C, Craig PS, Allan JC, 2001. An epidemiological study of epilepsy and epileptic seizures in two rural Guatemalan communities. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :167–175.
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9
Sarti E, Schantz PM, Avila G, Ambrosio J, Medina R, Flisser A, 2000. Mass treatment against human taeniasis for the control of cysticercosis: a population-based intervention study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :85–89.
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10
Wandra T, Subahar R, Simanjutak GM, Margono SS, Suroso T, Okamoto M, Nakao M, Sako Y, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A, 2000. Resurgence of cases of epileptic seizures and burns associated with cysticercosis in Assologaima, Jayawijaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 1991–1995. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :46–50.
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11
Widdowson MA, Cook AJ, Williams JJ, Argaes F, Rodriguez I, Dominguez JL, Rodriguez R, 2000. Investigation of risk factors for porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis: a multiple regression analysis of a cross-sectional study in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :620–624.
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12
Bern C, Garcia HH, Evans C, Gonzalez AE, Verastegui M, Tsang VCW, Gilman RH, 1999. Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clin Inf Dis 29 :1203–1209.
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13
Cruz ME, Schantz PM, Cruz I, Espinosa P, Preux PM, Cruz A, Benitez W, Tsang VC, Fermoso J, Dumas M, 1999. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in an Andean community. Int J Epidemiol. 28 :799–803.
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14
Sanchez AL, Lindback J, Schantz PM, Sone M, Sakai H, Medina MT, Ljungstrom I, 1999. A population-based, case-control study of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :247–258.
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15
Rodriguez R, Fraser A, Allan JC, Dominguez JL, Argaez F, Craig PS, 1999. Epidemiological study of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in a rural village in Yucatan state, Mexico. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :57–67.
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16
Goodman KA, Ballagh SA, Carpio A, 1999. Case-control study of seropositivity for cysticercosis in Cuenca, Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :70–74.
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17
Garcia HH, Araoz R, Gilman RH, Valdez J, Gonzales AE, Gavidia C, Bravo ML, Tsang VCW, the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1998. Increased risk for cysticercosis and taeniasis among professional fried pork venders and the general population of a village in the Peruvian highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :902–905.
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18
Allan JC, Velasquez M, Fletes C, Torres R, Lopez G, Yurrita P, Soto de Alfaro H, Rivera A, Garcia-Noval J, 1997. Mass chemotherapy for intestinal Taenia solium infection: effect on prevalence in humans and pigs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :595–598.
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Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Tsang VCW, Gonzalez AE, and The Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1997. Clinical significance of neurocysticercosis in endemic villages. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :176–178.
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Sarti E, Flisser A, Schantz PM, Gleizer M, Loya M, Plancarte A, Avila G, Allan J, Craig P, Bronfman M, Wijeyaratne P, 1997. Development and evaluation of a health education intervention against Taenia solium in a rural community in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :127–132.
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Allan JC, Velasquez-Tohom M, Torres-Alvarez R, Yurrita P, Garcia-Noval J, 1996. Field trial of the coproantigen-based diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :352–356.
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Garcia-Noval J, Allan JC, Fletes C, Moreno E, DeMata F, Torres-Alvarez R, Soto de Alfaro H, Yurrita P, Higueros-Morales H, Mencos F, Craig PS, 1996. Epidemiology of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in two rural Guatemalan communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :282–289.
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Allan JC, Velasquez-Tohom M, Garcia-Noval J, Torres-Alvarez R, Yurrita P, Fletes C, De Mata F, Soto de Alfaro H, Craig PS, 1996. Epidemiology of intestinal taeniasis in four rural Guatemalan communities. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :157–165.
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Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Tovar M, Flores E, Jo R, Tsang VCW, Diaz F, Torres P, Miranda E, and the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú (CWG), 1995. Factors associated with T. solium cysticercosis. Analysis on 946 Peruvian neurologic patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :147–150.
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Schantz PM, Sarti E, Plancarte A, Wilson M, Criales JL, Roberts J, Flisser A, 1994. Community-based epidemiological investigations of cysticercosis due to Taenia solium: comparison of serological screening tests and clinical findings in two populations in Mexico. Clin Infect Dis 18 :879–885.
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Gonzalez AE, Gilman R, Garcia HH, McDonald J, Kacena K, Tsang VCW, Pilcher JB, Suarez F, Gavidia C, Miranda E, and the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú (CWG), 1994. Use of sentinel pigs to monitor environmental Taenia solium contamination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :847–850.
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Sarti E, Schantz PM, Plancarte A, Wilson M, Gutierrez OI, Aguilera J, Roberts J, Flisser A, 1994. Epidemiological investigation of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a rural village of Michoacan state, Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :49–52.
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HYPERENDEMIC HUMAN AND PORCINE TAENIA SOLIUM INFECTION IN PERÚ
HÉCTOR H. GARCÍA
HÉCTOR H. GARCÍA
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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ROBERT H. GILMAN
ROBERT H. GILMAN
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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ARMANDO E. GONZALEZ
ARMANDO E. GONZALEZ
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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MANUELA VERASTEGUI
MANUELA VERASTEGUI
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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SILVIA RODRIGUEZ
SILVIA RODRIGUEZ
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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CESAR GAVIDIA
CESAR GAVIDIA
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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VICTOR C. W. TSANG
VICTOR C. W. TSANG
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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NESTOR FALCON
NESTOR FALCON
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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ANDRES G. LESCANO
ANDRES G. LESCANO
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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LAWRENCE H. MOULTON
LAWRENCE H. MOULTON
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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TERESA BERNAL
TERESA BERNAL
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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MARCO TOVAR
MARCO TOVAR
Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Department of Transmissible Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Perú; Departments of International Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore; Asociacion Benefica PRISMA, Lima, Perú; School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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The prevalence and characteristics of human taeniasis/cysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis were assessed in an endemic area of the Peruvian highlands. Individuals from 10 communities had stool examinations (N = 2,951) and serologic testing for Taenia solium antibodies (N = 2,583). The total porcine population present (N = 703) was also examined by serology. Cysticercosis is hyperendemic in this area and is associated with an important number of seizure cases. Human seroprevalence by village ranged from 7.1–26.9% (mean, 13.9%). Seroprevalence was higher among individuals with a history of seizures but not in those reporting a history of headache or intestinal taeniasis. Prevalence of taeniasis ranged from 0–6.7% (median, 2.5%). Coproantigen detection found 2.4 times more taeniasis cases than did microscopy (direct and after concentration). Age distribution for taeniasis showed a peak at younger ages than for seroprevalence. Porcine seroprevalence ranged from 42–75%. Random effects logistic regression models for human seropositivity demonstrated both in-house clustering of cases and a large increase in risk associated with a tapeworm carrier in the house. Besides confirming the close relationship between taeniasis and cysticercosis cases, this large-scale field study demonstrated early age of tapeworm and cysticercosis infections in humans, and short duration of taeniasis infections.
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-
1
Garcia HH, Martinez M, Gilman RH, Herrera G, Tsang VCW, Pilcher JB, Diaz F, Verastegui M, Gallo C, Porras M, Alvarado M, Naranjo J, Miranda E, and the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1991. Diagnosis of cysticercosis in endemic regions. Lancet 338 :549–551.
-
2
Commission on Tropical Diseases, ILAE, 1994. Relationship between epilepsy and tropical diseases. Epilepsia 35 :89–93.
-
3
White AC, 1997. Neurocysticercosis: a major cause of neurological disease worldwide. Clin Infect Dis 24 :101–113.
-
4
Nash TE, Neva FA, 1984. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med 311 :1492–1496.
-
5
Gonzalez AE, Cama V, Gilman RU, Tsang VC, Pilcher JB, Chayera A, Castro M, Montenegro T, Verastegui M, Miranda E, 1990. Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Perú. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :194–199.
-
6
Gemmell M, Matyas Z, Pawlowsky Z, Soulsby EJL, eds, 1983. Guidelines for Surveillance and Control of Taeniasis and Cisticercosis. Geneva: World Health Organization. (VPH document 8349).
-
7
The Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1993. The marketing of cysticercotic pigs in the Sierra of Perú. Bull World Health Organ 71 :223–228.
-
8
Garcia-Noval J, Moreno E, De Mata F, Soto de Alfaro H, Fletes C, Craig PS, Allan JC, 2001. An epidemiological study of epilepsy and epileptic seizures in two rural Guatemalan communities. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :167–175.
-
9
Sarti E, Schantz PM, Avila G, Ambrosio J, Medina R, Flisser A, 2000. Mass treatment against human taeniasis for the control of cysticercosis: a population-based intervention study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :85–89.
-
10
Wandra T, Subahar R, Simanjutak GM, Margono SS, Suroso T, Okamoto M, Nakao M, Sako Y, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A, 2000. Resurgence of cases of epileptic seizures and burns associated with cysticercosis in Assologaima, Jayawijaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 1991–1995. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :46–50.
-
11
Widdowson MA, Cook AJ, Williams JJ, Argaes F, Rodriguez I, Dominguez JL, Rodriguez R, 2000. Investigation of risk factors for porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis: a multiple regression analysis of a cross-sectional study in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :620–624.
-
12
Bern C, Garcia HH, Evans C, Gonzalez AE, Verastegui M, Tsang VCW, Gilman RH, 1999. Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clin Inf Dis 29 :1203–1209.
-
13
Cruz ME, Schantz PM, Cruz I, Espinosa P, Preux PM, Cruz A, Benitez W, Tsang VC, Fermoso J, Dumas M, 1999. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in an Andean community. Int J Epidemiol. 28 :799–803.
-
14
Sanchez AL, Lindback J, Schantz PM, Sone M, Sakai H, Medina MT, Ljungstrom I, 1999. A population-based, case-control study of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :247–258.
-
15
Rodriguez R, Fraser A, Allan JC, Dominguez JL, Argaez F, Craig PS, 1999. Epidemiological study of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in a rural village in Yucatan state, Mexico. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :57–67.
-
16
Goodman KA, Ballagh SA, Carpio A, 1999. Case-control study of seropositivity for cysticercosis in Cuenca, Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :70–74.
-
17
Garcia HH, Araoz R, Gilman RH, Valdez J, Gonzales AE, Gavidia C, Bravo ML, Tsang VCW, the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú, 1998. Increased risk for cysticercosis and taeniasis among professional fried pork venders and the general population of a village in the Peruvian highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :902–905.
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