ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gerardin J, Ouédraogo AL, Mccarthy KA, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2015. Characterization of the infectious reservoir of malaria with an agent-based model calibrated to age-stratified parasite densities and infectiousness. Malar J 14: 1–13.
-
2.
Greenwood B, 1987. Asymptomatic malaria infections—do they matter? Parasite Pathol 3: 206–214.
-
3.
Karl S, Gurarie D, Zimmerman P, King C, Pierre T, Davis T, 2011. A sub-microscopic gametocyte reservoir can sustain malaria transmission. PLoS One 6: e20805.
-
4.
Bousema JT, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C, 2014. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nat Rev Microbiol 12: 833–840.
-
5.
McMorrow ML, Aidoo M, Kachur SP, 2011. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings–can they find the last parasite? Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1624–1631.
-
6.
Eisele TP et al. 2015. Assessing the effectiveness of household-level focal mass drug administration and community-wide mass drug administration for reducing malaria parasite infection prevalence and incidence in Southern Province, Zambia: study protocol for a community randomized controlled trial. Trials 16: 347.
-
7.
Wickremasinghe R, Fernando S, Thillekaratne J, Wijeyaratne P, Wickremasinghe A, 2014. Importance of active case detection in a malaria elimination programme. Malar J 13: 1–6.
-
8.
Bejon P et al. 2010. Stable and unstable malaria hotspots in longitudinal cohort studies in Kenya. PLoS Med 7: e1000304.
-
9.
Bousema T, Griffin J, Sauerwein R, Smith D, Churcher T, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and eliminationtle. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
-
10.
Bousema T et al. 2012. Identification of hot spots of malaria transmission for targeted malaria control. J Infect Dis 201: 1764–1774.
-
11.
Littrell M, Sow G, Ngom A, Ba M, Mboup B, Dieye Y, Mutombo B, Earle D, Steketee R, 2013. Case investigation and reactive case detection for malaria elimination in northern Senegal. Malar J 12: 331.
-
12.
Sturrock H, Novotny J, Kuene S, Dlamini S, Zulu Z, Cohen J, Hsiang M, Greenhouse B, Gosling R, 2013. Reactive case detection for malaria elimination: real-life experience from an ongoing program in Swaziland. PLoS One 8: e63830.
-
13.
Searle K, Shields T, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Mharakurwa S, Thuma PE, Smith DJ, Glass G, Moss WJ, 2013. Efficiency of household reactive case detection for malaria in rural southern Zambia: simulations based on cross-sectional surveys from two epidemiological settings. PLoS One 8: e70972.
-
14.
Gerardin J, Bever C, Hamainza B, Miller J, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2016. Optimal population-level infection detection strategies for malaria control and elimination in a spatial model of malaria transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 12: e1004707.
-
15.
Mosha JF et al. 2013. Epidemiology of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infection: implications for detection of hotspots with imperfect diagnostics. Malar J 12: 1–9.
-
16.
The President’s Malaria Initiative, 2014. Zambia: Malaria Operational Plan, FY 2015. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy-15/fy-2015-zambia-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=7. Accessed March 4, 2016.
-
17.
Akros, 2013. Community Surveillance. Available at: http://akros.com/malaria-prevention/community-surveillance/. Accessed March 4, 2016.
-
18.
PATH, 2014. Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER. Available at: http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2015.
-
19.
Larsen D et al. 2015. Malaria surveillance in low-transmission areas of Zambia using reactive case detection. Malar J 14: 465.
-
20.
Moss WJ, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Shields T, Kamanga A, Clennon J, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Glass G, 2011. Use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. Malar J 10: 163.
-
21.
Kobayashi T, Chishimba S, Shields T, Hamapumbu H, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Glass G, Moss WJ, 2012. Temporal and spatial patterns of serologic responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 11: 438.
-
22.
Pinchoff J, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Simubali L, Stevenson J, Norris D, Calountoni E, Thuma P, Moss WJ, 2015. Factors associated with sustained use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets following a reduction in malaria transmission in southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 954–960.
-
23.
Steketee R, Sipilanyambe N, Chimumbwa J, Banda J, Mohamed A, Miller J, Basu S, Miti SK, Campbell C, 2008. National malaria control and scaling up for impact: the Zambian experience through 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 45–52.
-
24.
Sipilantambe N, Simon J, Chanda P, Olumese P, Snow R, Hamer D, 2008. From chloroquine to artemether-lumefantrine: the process of drug policy change in Zambia. Malar J 7: 25.
-
25.
Laban NM, Kobayashi T, Hamapumbu H, Sullivan D, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Schiff C, Moss WJ, 2015. Comparison of a PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic test and PCR for malaria in a low prevalence setting in rural southern Zambia: implications for elimination. Malar J 14: 25.
-
26.
van Eijk AM et al. 2016. What is the value of reactive case detection in malaria control? A case-study in India and a systematic review. Malar J 15: 67.
-
27.
Stresman G, Kamanga A, Moono P, Hamapumbu H, Mharakurwa S, Kobayashi T, Moss WJ, Schiff C, 2010. A method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in southern province, Zambia. Malar J 9: 265.
-
28.
Slater H et al. 2015. Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies. Nature 528: S94–S101.
-
29.
Hemingway J, Shretta R, Wells T, Bell D, Djimde A, Achee N, Qi G, 2016. Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS Biol 14: e1002380.
-
30.
Das S et al. 2017. Performance of a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and naive human challenge infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1540–1550.
-
31.
Watson O, Slater H, Verity R, Parr J, Mwandagalirwa M, Tshefu A, Meshnick S, Ghani A, 2017. Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa. Elife 6: pii: e25008.
-
32.
Parr JB et al. 2016. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis 216: 36–44.
-
33.
Searle KM et al. 2016. Evaluation of the operational challenges in implementing reactive screen-and-treat and implications of reactive case detection strategies for malaria elimination in a region of low transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 15: 412.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 661 | 616 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 785 | 30 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 186 | 20 | 3 |
Efficiency of a Malaria Reactive Test-and-Treat Program in Southern Zambia: A Prospective, Observational Study
Molly Deutsch-Feldman
Molly Deutsch-Feldman
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
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Harry Hamapumbu
Harry Hamapumbu
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
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Jailos Lubinda
Jailos Lubinda
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
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Michael Musonda
Michael Musonda
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
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Ben Katowa
Ben Katowa
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
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Kelly M. Searle
Kelly M. Searle
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Tamaki Kobayashi
Tamaki Kobayashi
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Timothy M. Shields
Timothy M. Shields
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Jennifer C. Stevenson
Jennifer C. Stevenson
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Philip E. Thuma
Philip E. Thuma
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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William J. Moss
William J. Moss
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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for the Southern Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research
for the Southern Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia;
Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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To improve malaria surveillance and achieve elimination, the Zambian National Malaria Elimination Program implemented a reactive test-and-treat program in Southern Province in 2013 in which individuals with rapid diagnostic test (RDT)–confirmed malaria are followed-up at their home within 1 week of diagnosis. Individuals present at the index case household and those residing within 140 m of the index case are tested with an RDT and treated with artemether–lumefantrine if positive. This study evaluated the efficiency of this reactive test-and-treat strategy by characterizing infected individuals missed by the RDT and the current screening radius. The radius was expanded to 250 m, and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test was performed on dried blood spot specimens. From January 2015 through March 2016, 145 index cases were identified at health centers and health posts. A total of 3,333 individuals residing in 525 households were screened. Excluding index cases, the parasite prevalence was 1.1% by RDT (33 positives of 3,016 participants) and 2.4% by qPCR (73 positives of 3,016 participants). Of the qPCR-positive cases, 62% of 73 individuals tested negative by RDT. Approximately half of the infected individuals resided within the index case household (58% of RDT-positive individuals and 48% of qPCR-positive individuals). The low sensitivity of the RDT and the high proportion of secondary cases within the index case household decreased the efficiency of this reactive test-and-treat strategy. Reactive focal drug administration in index case households would be a more efficient approach to treating infected individuals associated with a symptomatic case.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, the Bloomberg Philanthropies, and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases as part of the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (U19AI089680).
Authors’ addresses: Molly Deutsch-Feldman, Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: mollydf1@live.unc.edu. Harry Hamapumbu, Jailos Lubinda, Michael Musonda, and Ben Katowa, Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia, E-mails: harry.hamapumbu@macharesearch.org, jailoslubinda@gmail.com, michael.musonda@macharesearch.org, and ben.katowa@macharesearch.org. Kelly M. Searle, Tamaki Kobayashi, and Timothy M. Shields, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: ksearle1@jhu.edu, tkobaya2@jhu.edu, and tshields@jhu.edu. Jennifer C. Stevenson and Philip E. Thuma, Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: jennyc.stevenson@macharesearch.org and phil.thuma@macharesearch.org. William J. Moss, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: wmoss1@jhu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gerardin J, Ouédraogo AL, Mccarthy KA, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2015. Characterization of the infectious reservoir of malaria with an agent-based model calibrated to age-stratified parasite densities and infectiousness. Malar J 14: 1–13.
-
2.
Greenwood B, 1987. Asymptomatic malaria infections—do they matter? Parasite Pathol 3: 206–214.
-
3.
Karl S, Gurarie D, Zimmerman P, King C, Pierre T, Davis T, 2011. A sub-microscopic gametocyte reservoir can sustain malaria transmission. PLoS One 6: e20805.
-
4.
Bousema JT, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C, 2014. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nat Rev Microbiol 12: 833–840.
-
5.
McMorrow ML, Aidoo M, Kachur SP, 2011. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings–can they find the last parasite? Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1624–1631.
-
6.
Eisele TP et al. 2015. Assessing the effectiveness of household-level focal mass drug administration and community-wide mass drug administration for reducing malaria parasite infection prevalence and incidence in Southern Province, Zambia: study protocol for a community randomized controlled trial. Trials 16: 347.
-
7.
Wickremasinghe R, Fernando S, Thillekaratne J, Wijeyaratne P, Wickremasinghe A, 2014. Importance of active case detection in a malaria elimination programme. Malar J 13: 1–6.
-
8.
Bejon P et al. 2010. Stable and unstable malaria hotspots in longitudinal cohort studies in Kenya. PLoS Med 7: e1000304.
-
9.
Bousema T, Griffin J, Sauerwein R, Smith D, Churcher T, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and eliminationtle. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
-
10.
Bousema T et al. 2012. Identification of hot spots of malaria transmission for targeted malaria control. J Infect Dis 201: 1764–1774.
-
11.
Littrell M, Sow G, Ngom A, Ba M, Mboup B, Dieye Y, Mutombo B, Earle D, Steketee R, 2013. Case investigation and reactive case detection for malaria elimination in northern Senegal. Malar J 12: 331.
-
12.
Sturrock H, Novotny J, Kuene S, Dlamini S, Zulu Z, Cohen J, Hsiang M, Greenhouse B, Gosling R, 2013. Reactive case detection for malaria elimination: real-life experience from an ongoing program in Swaziland. PLoS One 8: e63830.
-
13.
Searle K, Shields T, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Mharakurwa S, Thuma PE, Smith DJ, Glass G, Moss WJ, 2013. Efficiency of household reactive case detection for malaria in rural southern Zambia: simulations based on cross-sectional surveys from two epidemiological settings. PLoS One 8: e70972.
-
14.
Gerardin J, Bever C, Hamainza B, Miller J, Eckhoff PA, Wenger EA, 2016. Optimal population-level infection detection strategies for malaria control and elimination in a spatial model of malaria transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 12: e1004707.
-
15.
Mosha JF et al. 2013. Epidemiology of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infection: implications for detection of hotspots with imperfect diagnostics. Malar J 12: 1–9.
-
16.
The President’s Malaria Initiative, 2014. Zambia: Malaria Operational Plan, FY 2015. Available at: https://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy-15/fy-2015-zambia-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=7. Accessed March 4, 2016.
-
17.
Akros, 2013. Community Surveillance. Available at: http://akros.com/malaria-prevention/community-surveillance/. Accessed March 4, 2016.
-
18.
PATH, 2014. Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER. Available at: http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2015.
-
19.
Larsen D et al. 2015. Malaria surveillance in low-transmission areas of Zambia using reactive case detection. Malar J 14: 465.
-
20.
Moss WJ, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Shields T, Kamanga A, Clennon J, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Glass G, 2011. Use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. Malar J 10: 163.
-
21.
Kobayashi T, Chishimba S, Shields T, Hamapumbu H, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Glass G, Moss WJ, 2012. Temporal and spatial patterns of serologic responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 11: 438.
-
22.
Pinchoff J, Hamapumbu H, Kobayashi T, Simubali L, Stevenson J, Norris D, Calountoni E, Thuma P, Moss WJ, 2015. Factors associated with sustained use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets following a reduction in malaria transmission in southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 954–960.
-
23.
Steketee R, Sipilanyambe N, Chimumbwa J, Banda J, Mohamed A, Miller J, Basu S, Miti SK, Campbell C, 2008. National malaria control and scaling up for impact: the Zambian experience through 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 45–52.
-
24.
Sipilantambe N, Simon J, Chanda P, Olumese P, Snow R, Hamer D, 2008. From chloroquine to artemether-lumefantrine: the process of drug policy change in Zambia. Malar J 7: 25.
-
25.
Laban NM, Kobayashi T, Hamapumbu H, Sullivan D, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Schiff C, Moss WJ, 2015. Comparison of a PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic test and PCR for malaria in a low prevalence setting in rural southern Zambia: implications for elimination. Malar J 14: 25.
-
26.
van Eijk AM et al. 2016. What is the value of reactive case detection in malaria control? A case-study in India and a systematic review. Malar J 15: 67.
-
27.
Stresman G, Kamanga A, Moono P, Hamapumbu H, Mharakurwa S, Kobayashi T, Moss WJ, Schiff C, 2010. A method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in southern province, Zambia. Malar J 9: 265.
-
28.
Slater H et al. 2015. Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies. Nature 528: S94–S101.
-
29.
Hemingway J, Shretta R, Wells T, Bell D, Djimde A, Achee N, Qi G, 2016. Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS Biol 14: e1002380.
-
30.
Das S et al. 2017. Performance of a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and naive human challenge infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1540–1550.
-
31.
Watson O, Slater H, Verity R, Parr J, Mwandagalirwa M, Tshefu A, Meshnick S, Ghani A, 2017. Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa. Elife 6: pii: e25008.
-
32.
Parr JB et al. 2016. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis 216: 36–44.
-
33.
Searle KM et al. 2016. Evaluation of the operational challenges in implementing reactive screen-and-treat and implications of reactive case detection strategies for malaria elimination in a region of low transmission in southern Zambia. Malar J 15: 412.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 661 | 616 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 785 | 30 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 186 | 20 | 3 |