ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
French MA, 2009. HIV/AIDS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis 48: 101–107.
-
2.
Singh N, Perfect JR, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with opportunistic mycosis; risk factors, pathophysiologic basis and approach to management. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 395–401.
-
3.
Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Chan WM, 2000. Immunorestitution disease involving the innate and adaptive response. Clin Infect Dis 30: 882–892.
-
4.
Singh N et al..; Cryptococcal Collaborative Transplant Study Group, 2005. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1756–1761.
-
5.
Cadena J, Thompson GR 3rd, Ho TT, Medina E, Hughes DW, Patterson TF, 2009. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cessation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker adalimumab in cryptococcal pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64: 327–330.
-
6.
Cheng VC, Ho PL, Lee RE, 2002. Clinical spectrum of paradoxical deterioration during antituberculosis therapy in non-HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21: 803–809.
-
7.
Garcia Vidal C, Rodríguez Fernández S, Martínez Lacasa J, Salavert M, Vidal R, Rodríguez Carballeira M, Garau J, 2005. Paradoxical response to antituberculous therapy in infliximab-treated patients with disseminated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 40: 756–759.
-
8.
Lawn SD, Lockwood DNJ, 2007. Leprosy after starting antiretroviral treatment. BMJ 334: 217–218.
-
9.
Singh N, Perfect JR, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1192–1199.
-
10.
Shelburne SA, Hamili RJ, 2003. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS Rev 5: 67–69.
-
11.
Shelburne SA, Montes M, Hamill R, 2006. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: more answers, more questions. J Antimicrob Chemother 57: 167–170.
-
12.
Sungkanuparph S et al.., 2009. Cryptococcalimmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 49: 931–934.
-
13.
Haddow LJ, Moosa MY, Mosam A, Moodley P, Parboosing R, Easterbrook PJ, 2012. Incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors and impact of HIV associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in South Africa. PLoS One 7: e40623.
-
14.
Jarvis JN et al.., 2014. Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 58: 736–745.
-
15.
Shelburne SA, Visnegarwala F, Darcourt J, Graviss EA, Giordano TP, White AC Jr, Hamill RJ, 2005. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 19: 399–406.
-
16.
Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, Van Rie A, 2008. Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. AIDS 22: 601–610.
-
17.
Geng EH, Deeks SG, 2009. CD4+ T cell recovery with antiretroviral therapy more than the sum of the parts. Clin Infect Dis 48: 362–364.
-
18.
Manabe YC, Campbell JD, Sydnor E, Moore RD, 2007. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: risk factors and treatment implications. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46: 456–462.
-
19.
Ratnam I, Chiu C, Kandala NB, Easterbrook PJ, 2006. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an ethnically diverse HIV type 1-infected cohort. Clin Infect Dis 42: 418–427.
-
20.
Lucas SB, 1990. Missing infections in AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 1): 34–38.
-
21.
Lawn SD, 2007. Immune reconstitution disease associated with parasitic infections following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20: 482–488.
-
22.
Kwara A, Flanigan TP, Carter EJ, 2005. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in adults with tuberculosis: current status. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 248–257.
-
23.
Lawn ED, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R, 2007. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antirretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS 21: 335–341.
-
24.
Lee CH, Lui CC, Liu JW, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome in a patient with AIDS with paradoxically deteriorating brain tuberculoma. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21: 234–239.
-
25.
Wu SW, Chen CJ, Lin TY, Wang NC, 2008. Acute peritonitis as presentations of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected man. Am J Med Sci 355: 387–389.
-
26
Fischl M et al.., 2010. IRIS among US Subjects Starting ART in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202. Program and Abstracts of the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 16–19, 2010, San Francisco, CA. Abstract 791.
-
27.
Narendran G et al.., 2013. Paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in India and the potential role of IL-6 in prediction. PLoS One 8: e63541.
-
28.
Lazarous DG, O’Donnell AE, 2007. Pulmonary infections in the HIV-infected patient in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an update. Curr Infect Dis Rep 9: 228–232.
-
29.
Bonnet MM, Pinoges LL, Varaine FF, Oberhauser BB, O’Brien DD, Kebede YY, Hewison CC, Zachariah RR, Ferradini LL, 2006. Tuberculosis after HAART initiation in HIV-positive patients from five countries with a high tuberculosis burden. AIDS 20: 1275–1279.
-
30.
Orikiriza J, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Musiime V, Mworozi EA, Mugyenyi P, Boulware DR, 2010. The clinical pattern, prevalence, and factors associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Ugandan children. AIDS 24: 2009–2017.
-
31.
Breton G, Duval X, Estellat C, Poaletti X, Bonnet D, Mvondo Mvondo D, Longuet P, Leport C, Vildé JL, 2004. Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type-1 infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39: 1709–1712.
-
32.
Abdool Karim SS et al.., 2010. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 362: 697–706.
-
33.
Havlir DV, et al.., AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221, 2011. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 365: 1482–1491.
-
34.
Ravimohan S, Tamuhla N, Nfanyana K, Steenhoff AP, Letlhogile R, Frank I, MacGregor RR, Gross R, Weissman D, Bisson GP, 2016. Robust reconstitution of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses and rising systemic interleukin 6 in paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 62: 795–803.
-
35.
Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Velu V, Murugavel KG, Sekar R, Balakrishnan P, Lloyd CA, Saravanan S, Solomon S, Kumarasamy N, 2008. Does CD4+CD25+foxp3+ cell (Treg) and IL10 profile determine suscep-tibility to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV disease? J Inflamm (Lond) 5: 2.
-
36.
Reyes Corcho A, Bouza Jiménez Y, 2010. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. State of the art. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28: 110–121.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 252 | 197 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 481 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 171 | 7 | 0 |
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV-Infected Immigrants
María Pérez-Rueda
María Pérez-Rueda
Internal Medicine, Hospital San Roque Maspalomas (HSRM), Gran Canaria, Spain;
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Michele Hernández-Cabrera
Michele Hernández-Cabrera
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain;
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Adela Francés-Urmeneta
Adela Francés-Urmeneta
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Alfonso Angel-Moreno
Alfonso Angel-Moreno
Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Elena Pisos-Álamo
Elena Pisos-Álamo
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain;
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Nieves Jaén-Sánchez
Nieves Jaén-Sánchez
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain;
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Cristina Carranza-Rodríguez
Cristina Carranza-Rodríguez
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain;
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Jose-Luis Pérez-Arellano
Jose-Luis Pérez-Arellano
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain;
Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain;
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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) includes a group of potentially serious inflammatory processes that may be present in HIV-infected patients after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Paradoxical IRIS is a worsening of symptoms, after an overwhelming response to a previously diagnosed opportunistic infection (OI); unmasking IRIS reveals a previously occult OI. The main objective of the study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and outcome data of HIV-infected immigrants, stratified according to high- or low-income countries of origin, who developed IRIS and to compare them with native-born Spanish patients. This retrospective study reviewed all patients with HIV infection admitted to the Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine between 1998 and 2014. IRIS was identified in 25/138 (18%) immigrant patients and 24/473 (5%) native-born Spanish patients infected with HIV. Most cases, 19/25 (76%), were of unmasking IRIS. The time elapsed between initiation of HAART and development of IRIS was significantly longer in patients with unmasking versus paradoxical IRIS. OIs, in particular due to mycobacteria, were the most frequently involved processes. Twenty percent of patients died. The comparison of immigrant and native-born patients found significant differences for both IRIS type (higher incidence of paradoxical forms among immigrants) and for the absence of malignancies in native-born patients. No significant differences were found when the data of immigrants from low- and high-income countries were compared.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: María Pérez-Rueda, Internal Medicine, Hospital San Roque Maspalomas (HSRM), Gran Canaria, Spain, E-mail: dra.perezrueda@gmail.com. Michele Hernández-Cabrera, Elena Pisos-Álamo, Nieves Jaén-Sánchez, Cristina Carranza-Rodríguez, and Jose-Luis Pérez-Arellano, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain, and Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain, E-mails: michele_herca@hotmail.com, elenapisos@yahoo.es, nieves.jaensanchez@gmail.com, cristinacarranzarodriguez@gmail.com, and jlperez@dcmq.ulpgc.es. Adela Francés-Urmeneta, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (HUIGC), Las Palmas, Spain, E-mail: adelafrances@telefonica.net. Alfonso Angel-Moreno, Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Madrid, Spain, E-mail: alfangel22@hotmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
French MA, 2009. HIV/AIDS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis 48: 101–107.
-
2.
Singh N, Perfect JR, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with opportunistic mycosis; risk factors, pathophysiologic basis and approach to management. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 395–401.
-
3.
Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Chan WM, 2000. Immunorestitution disease involving the innate and adaptive response. Clin Infect Dis 30: 882–892.
-
4.
Singh N et al..; Cryptococcal Collaborative Transplant Study Group, 2005. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1756–1761.
-
5.
Cadena J, Thompson GR 3rd, Ho TT, Medina E, Hughes DW, Patterson TF, 2009. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cessation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker adalimumab in cryptococcal pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64: 327–330.
-
6.
Cheng VC, Ho PL, Lee RE, 2002. Clinical spectrum of paradoxical deterioration during antituberculosis therapy in non-HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21: 803–809.
-
7.
Garcia Vidal C, Rodríguez Fernández S, Martínez Lacasa J, Salavert M, Vidal R, Rodríguez Carballeira M, Garau J, 2005. Paradoxical response to antituberculous therapy in infliximab-treated patients with disseminated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 40: 756–759.
-
8.
Lawn SD, Lockwood DNJ, 2007. Leprosy after starting antiretroviral treatment. BMJ 334: 217–218.
-
9.
Singh N, Perfect JR, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1192–1199.
-
10.
Shelburne SA, Hamili RJ, 2003. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS Rev 5: 67–69.
-
11.
Shelburne SA, Montes M, Hamill R, 2006. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: more answers, more questions. J Antimicrob Chemother 57: 167–170.
-
12.
Sungkanuparph S et al.., 2009. Cryptococcalimmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 49: 931–934.
-
13.
Haddow LJ, Moosa MY, Mosam A, Moodley P, Parboosing R, Easterbrook PJ, 2012. Incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors and impact of HIV associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in South Africa. PLoS One 7: e40623.
-
14.
Jarvis JN et al.., 2014. Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 58: 736–745.
-
15.
Shelburne SA, Visnegarwala F, Darcourt J, Graviss EA, Giordano TP, White AC Jr, Hamill RJ, 2005. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 19: 399–406.
-
16.
Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, Van Rie A, 2008. Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. AIDS 22: 601–610.
-
17.
Geng EH, Deeks SG, 2009. CD4+ T cell recovery with antiretroviral therapy more than the sum of the parts. Clin Infect Dis 48: 362–364.
-
18.
Manabe YC, Campbell JD, Sydnor E, Moore RD, 2007. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: risk factors and treatment implications. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46: 456–462.
-
19.
Ratnam I, Chiu C, Kandala NB, Easterbrook PJ, 2006. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an ethnically diverse HIV type 1-infected cohort. Clin Infect Dis 42: 418–427.
-
20.
Lucas SB, 1990. Missing infections in AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 1): 34–38.
-
21.
Lawn SD, 2007. Immune reconstitution disease associated with parasitic infections following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20: 482–488.
-
22.
Kwara A, Flanigan TP, Carter EJ, 2005. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in adults with tuberculosis: current status. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 248–257.
-
23.
Lawn ED, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R, 2007. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antirretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS 21: 335–341.
-
24.
Lee CH, Lui CC, Liu JW, 2007. Immune reconstitution syndrome in a patient with AIDS with paradoxically deteriorating brain tuberculoma. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21: 234–239.
-
25.
Wu SW, Chen CJ, Lin TY, Wang NC, 2008. Acute peritonitis as presentations of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected man. Am J Med Sci 355: 387–389.
-
26
Fischl M et al.., 2010. IRIS among US Subjects Starting ART in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202. Program and Abstracts of the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 16–19, 2010, San Francisco, CA. Abstract 791.
-
27.
Narendran G et al.., 2013. Paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in India and the potential role of IL-6 in prediction. PLoS One 8: e63541.
-
28.
Lazarous DG, O’Donnell AE, 2007. Pulmonary infections in the HIV-infected patient in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an update. Curr Infect Dis Rep 9: 228–232.
-
29.
Bonnet MM, Pinoges LL, Varaine FF, Oberhauser BB, O’Brien DD, Kebede YY, Hewison CC, Zachariah RR, Ferradini LL, 2006. Tuberculosis after HAART initiation in HIV-positive patients from five countries with a high tuberculosis burden. AIDS 20: 1275–1279.
-
30.
Orikiriza J, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Musiime V, Mworozi EA, Mugyenyi P, Boulware DR, 2010. The clinical pattern, prevalence, and factors associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Ugandan children. AIDS 24: 2009–2017.
-
31.
Breton G, Duval X, Estellat C, Poaletti X, Bonnet D, Mvondo Mvondo D, Longuet P, Leport C, Vildé JL, 2004. Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type-1 infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39: 1709–1712.
-
32.
Abdool Karim SS et al.., 2010. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 362: 697–706.
-
33.
Havlir DV, et al.., AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221, 2011. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 365: 1482–1491.
-
34.
Ravimohan S, Tamuhla N, Nfanyana K, Steenhoff AP, Letlhogile R, Frank I, MacGregor RR, Gross R, Weissman D, Bisson GP, 2016. Robust reconstitution of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses and rising systemic interleukin 6 in paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 62: 795–803.
-
35.
Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Velu V, Murugavel KG, Sekar R, Balakrishnan P, Lloyd CA, Saravanan S, Solomon S, Kumarasamy N, 2008. Does CD4+CD25+foxp3+ cell (Treg) and IL10 profile determine suscep-tibility to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV disease? J Inflamm (Lond) 5: 2.
-
36.
Reyes Corcho A, Bouza Jiménez Y, 2010. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. State of the art. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28: 110–121.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 252 | 197 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 481 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 171 | 7 | 0 |