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-
1.
Lai YS, Biedermann P, Ekpo UF, Garba A, Mathieu E, Midzi N, Mwinzi P, N'Goran EK, Raso G, Assare RK, Sacko M, Schur N, Talla I, Tchuente LA, Toure S, Winkler MS, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, 2015. Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 15: 927–940.
-
2.
Degremont A, Burki A, Burnier E, Schweizer W, Meudt R, Tanner M, 1985. Value of ultrasonography in investigating morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Lancet 1: 662–665.
-
3.
Hatz C, Jenkins JM, Meudt R, Abdel-Wahab MF, Tanner M, 1992. A review of the literature on the use of ultrasonography in schistosomiasis with special reference to its use in field studies. 1. Schistosoma haematobium. Acta Trop 51: 1–14.
-
4.
Kouriba B, Traore HA, Dabo A, Sangare L, Guindo H, Keita AS, Reimert CM, van Dam GJ, Deelder AM, Doumbo O, Dessein AJ, 2005. Urinary disease in 2 Dogon populations with different exposure to Schistosoma haematobium infection: progression of bladder and kidney diseases in children and adults. J Infect Dis 192: 2152–2159.
-
5.
Richter J, 2000. Evolution of schistosomiasis-induced pathology after therapy and interruption of exposure to schistosomes: a review of ultrasonographic studies. Acta Trop 77: 111–131.
-
6.
Richter J, Hatz C, Campagne G, Bergquist NR, Jenkins J; Niamey Working Group, 2000. Ultrasound in Schistosomiasis: A Practical Guide to the Standardized Use of Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Schistosomiasis-Related Morbidity. World Health Organization/TDR/STR/SCH/WHO-document. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1–51.
-
7.
Ismail HA, Hong ST, Babiker AT, Hassan RM, Sulaiman MA, Jeong HG, Kong WH, Lee SH, Cho HI, Nam HS, Oh CH, Lee YH, 2014. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis among school children in the White Nile River basin, Sudan. Parasit Vectors 7: 478.
-
8.
Lee YH, Jeong HG, Kong WH, Lee SH, Cho HI, Nam HS, Ismail HA, Alla GN, Oh CH, Hong ST, 2015. Reduction of urogenital schistosomiasis with an integrated control project in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e3423.
-
9.
Gasmelseed N, Karamino NE, Abdelwahed MO, Hamdoun AO, Elmadani AE, 2014. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium parasite is not associated with severity of disease in an endemic area in Sudan. BMC Infect Dis 14: 469.
-
10.
Dazo BC, Biles JE, 1974. Two new field techniques for detection and counting of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples, with an evaluation of both methods. Bull World Health Organ 51: 399–408.
-
11.
Hatz C, Mayombana C, de Savigny D, MacPherson CN, Koella JC, Degremont A, Tanner M, 1990. Ultrasound scanning for detecting morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and its resolution following treatment with different doses of praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 84–88.
-
12.
Ahmed ES, Daffalla A, Christensen NO, Madsen H, 1996. Patterns of infection and transmission of human schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in White Nile Province, Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90: 173–180.
-
13.
Abou-Zeid AH, Abkar TA, Mohamed RO, 2013. Schistosomiasis infection among primary school students in a war zone, southern Kordofan State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13: 643.
-
14.
Deganello R, Cruciani M, Beltramello C, Duncan O, Oyugi V, Montresor A, 2007. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni among children, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1504–1506.
-
15.
Elmadani AE, Hamdoun AO, Monis A, Karamino NE, Gasmelseed N, 2013. Ultrasound findings in urinary shistosomaisis infection in school children in the Gezira State, Central Sudan. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 24: 162–167.
-
16.
Elmadhoun WM, Msmar AH, Elnoby OA, Noor SK, Suliman AA, Bushara SO, 2013. Situation analysis of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthes in River Nile State, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107: 195–199.
-
17.
Koukounari A, Webster JP, Donnelly CA, Bray BC, Naples J, Bosompem K, Shiff C, 2009. Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests and infection prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium estimated from data on adults in villages northwest of Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 435–441.
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Significance of Echogenic Snow Sign as an Ultrasonography Finding for Diagnosis of Urogenital Schistosomiasis
Min Jae Kim
Min Jae Kim
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Kyungshick Ryu
Kyungshick Ryu
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Yan Jin
Yan Jin
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Young Ha Lee
Young Ha Lee
Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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Hoo Gn Jeoung
Hoo Gn Jeoung
Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea.
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Adl Al Wahab Saeed
Adl Al Wahab Saeed
Center for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, White Nile State, Republic of Sudan.
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Seung Hyup Kim
Seung Hyup Kim
Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Sung-Tae Hong
Sung-Tae Hong
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is one of the important neglected tropical diseases, which requires global elimination programs. It is primarily diagnosed by urine microscopy (UM), but its sensitivity is not satisfactory. Ultrasonography (US) is an alternative screening method of UGS. The present study investigated the diagnostic feasibility of new criteria including echogenic snow sign, innumerable scattered small echogenic foci floating in bladder lumen, for UGS in White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, 2013–2014. A total of 1,462 participants were screened by US or UM, and 948 by both. The 948 subjects were 1–80 years of age, 485 (51.2%) of them were boys or men, and 648 (68.4%) were less than 15 years of age. Eggs were detected from 133 (14.0%) by UM. The US findings of bladder wall thickening, polypoid mass, and ureter dilatation were regarded as positive for UGS following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Of the 948 subjects, 155 (16.4%) were positive for US by the WHO criteria. The echogenic snow sign was detected in 75 participants, and was most frequently observed in age group of 10–14. It was more commonly observed in UM-positive participants (35/133; 26.3%) than in UM-negative participants (40/815; 4.9%), and the difference was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 6.92 (4.20–11.41). When the echogenic snow was added to the WHO criteria, 42 participants were additionally revealed to have UGS-related morbidity, reaching a total of 198 (20.9%) participants. The echogenic snow sign can be suggested as a new finding to the criteria of US for UGS.
Author Notes
Financial support: The project was supported by the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).
Authors' addresses: Min Jae Kim, Kyungshick Ryu, Yan Jin, and Sung-Tae Hong, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, E-mails: nahani99@gmail.com, ryu.ks91@gmail.com, jinyan1024@gmail.com, and hst@snu.ac.kr. Young Ha Lee, Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, E-mail: yhalee@cnu.ac.kr. Hoo Gn Jeoung, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea, E-mail: hoo0667@hanmail.net. Adl Al Wahab Saeed, Center for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, E-mail: abdosaed8374@gmail.com. Seung Hyup Kim, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, E-mail: kimshrad@snu.ac.kr.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Lai YS, Biedermann P, Ekpo UF, Garba A, Mathieu E, Midzi N, Mwinzi P, N'Goran EK, Raso G, Assare RK, Sacko M, Schur N, Talla I, Tchuente LA, Toure S, Winkler MS, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, 2015. Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 15: 927–940.
-
2.
Degremont A, Burki A, Burnier E, Schweizer W, Meudt R, Tanner M, 1985. Value of ultrasonography in investigating morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Lancet 1: 662–665.
-
3.
Hatz C, Jenkins JM, Meudt R, Abdel-Wahab MF, Tanner M, 1992. A review of the literature on the use of ultrasonography in schistosomiasis with special reference to its use in field studies. 1. Schistosoma haematobium. Acta Trop 51: 1–14.
-
4.
Kouriba B, Traore HA, Dabo A, Sangare L, Guindo H, Keita AS, Reimert CM, van Dam GJ, Deelder AM, Doumbo O, Dessein AJ, 2005. Urinary disease in 2 Dogon populations with different exposure to Schistosoma haematobium infection: progression of bladder and kidney diseases in children and adults. J Infect Dis 192: 2152–2159.
-
5.
Richter J, 2000. Evolution of schistosomiasis-induced pathology after therapy and interruption of exposure to schistosomes: a review of ultrasonographic studies. Acta Trop 77: 111–131.
-
6.
Richter J, Hatz C, Campagne G, Bergquist NR, Jenkins J; Niamey Working Group, 2000. Ultrasound in Schistosomiasis: A Practical Guide to the Standardized Use of Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Schistosomiasis-Related Morbidity. World Health Organization/TDR/STR/SCH/WHO-document. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1–51.
-
7.
Ismail HA, Hong ST, Babiker AT, Hassan RM, Sulaiman MA, Jeong HG, Kong WH, Lee SH, Cho HI, Nam HS, Oh CH, Lee YH, 2014. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis among school children in the White Nile River basin, Sudan. Parasit Vectors 7: 478.
-
8.
Lee YH, Jeong HG, Kong WH, Lee SH, Cho HI, Nam HS, Ismail HA, Alla GN, Oh CH, Hong ST, 2015. Reduction of urogenital schistosomiasis with an integrated control project in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e3423.
-
9.
Gasmelseed N, Karamino NE, Abdelwahed MO, Hamdoun AO, Elmadani AE, 2014. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium parasite is not associated with severity of disease in an endemic area in Sudan. BMC Infect Dis 14: 469.
-
10.
Dazo BC, Biles JE, 1974. Two new field techniques for detection and counting of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples, with an evaluation of both methods. Bull World Health Organ 51: 399–408.
-
11.
Hatz C, Mayombana C, de Savigny D, MacPherson CN, Koella JC, Degremont A, Tanner M, 1990. Ultrasound scanning for detecting morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and its resolution following treatment with different doses of praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 84–88.
-
12.
Ahmed ES, Daffalla A, Christensen NO, Madsen H, 1996. Patterns of infection and transmission of human schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in White Nile Province, Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90: 173–180.
-
13.
Abou-Zeid AH, Abkar TA, Mohamed RO, 2013. Schistosomiasis infection among primary school students in a war zone, southern Kordofan State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13: 643.
-
14.
Deganello R, Cruciani M, Beltramello C, Duncan O, Oyugi V, Montresor A, 2007. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni among children, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1504–1506.
-
15.
Elmadani AE, Hamdoun AO, Monis A, Karamino NE, Gasmelseed N, 2013. Ultrasound findings in urinary shistosomaisis infection in school children in the Gezira State, Central Sudan. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 24: 162–167.
-
16.
Elmadhoun WM, Msmar AH, Elnoby OA, Noor SK, Suliman AA, Bushara SO, 2013. Situation analysis of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthes in River Nile State, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107: 195–199.
-
17.
Koukounari A, Webster JP, Donnelly CA, Bray BC, Naples J, Bosompem K, Shiff C, 2009. Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests and infection prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium estimated from data on adults in villages northwest of Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 435–441.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 579 | 504 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 393 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 181 | 11 | 1 |