ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
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-
2.
Buxton PA, 1926. The depopulation of the New Hebrides and other parts of Melanesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 19: 420–458.
-
3.
McArthur NR, 1967. Island Populations of the Pacific. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.
-
4.
Spriggs M, 2007. Population in a vegetable kingdom: Aneityum Island at European contact in 1830. Rallu J, Kirch P, eds. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 278–305.
-
5.
Cliff A, Haggett P, Smallman-Raynor M, 2000. Island Epidemics. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
6.
Diamond J, 1998. Guns, Germs and Steel. London, United Kingdom: Random House.
-
7.
Manson-Bahr P, 1920. Bacillary dysentery. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 13: 64–72.
-
8.
Boyd J, 1957. Dysentery: some personal experiences and observations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 51: 471–487.
-
9.
Howard M, 1991. Medical aspects of Sir John Moore's Corunna campaign, 1808–1809. J R Soc Med 84: 299.
-
10.
Connolly MA, Gayer M, Ryan MJ, Salama P, Spiegel P, Heymann DL, 2004. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. Lancet 364: 1974–1983.
-
11.
Woodward J, 1863. Outlines of the Chief Camp Disease of the United States Armies as Observed during the Present War. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.
-
12.
Bahr P, 1914. A study of epidemic dysentery in the Fiji Islands, with special reference to its epidemiology and treatment. BMJ 1: 294.
-
13.
Corney B, 1884. The behaviour of certain epidemic diseases in natives of Polynesia with especial reference to the Fiji Islands. Trans Epidem Soc London 3: 76–94.
-
14.
Anonymous, 1896. Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Decrease of the Native Population. Suva, Fiji: Government Printer, 200.
-
15.
Williams J, 1845. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands: With Remarks upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin, Languages, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants. London, UK: J. Snow.
-
16.
Schmitt RC, 1970. The Okuu: Hawaii's greatest epidemic. Hawaii Med J 29: 359–364.
-
17.
Schmitt RC, Nordyke EC, 2001. Death in Hawai'i: The Epidemics of 1848–1849.
-
18.
Hope BE, Hope JH, 2003. Native Hawaiian health in Hawaii: historical highlights. Calif J Health Promot 1: 1–9.
-
19.
Martin P, Combes C, 1996. Emerging infectious diseases and the depopulation of French Polynesia in the 19th century. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 359.
-
20.
Shanks GD, Lee SE, Howard A, Brundage JF, 2011. Extreme mortality after first introduction of measles virus to the Polynesian island of Rotuma, 1911. Am J Epidemiol 173: 1211–1222.
-
21.
Corney B, 1913. A note on an epidemic of measles at Rotuma, 1911. Proc R Soc Med 6: 138–154.
-
22.
Howard A, Rensel J, 2007. Island Legacy: A History of the Rotuman People. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing.
-
23.
Scragg R, 1977. Historical epidemiology in Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 20: 102–109.
-
24.
Davies M, 2002. Public Health and Colonialism: The Case of German New Guinea 1884–1914. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
-
25.
Shlomowitz R, 1987. Mortality and the Pacific labour trade. J Pac Hist 22: 34–55.
-
26.
Bahr PH, 1912. Investigations on Dysentery in Fiji. London, United Kingdom: London School of Tropical Medicine.
-
27.
Shlomowitz R, 1989. Epidemiology and the Pacific labor trade. J Interdiscip Hist 19: 585–610.
-
28.
Mac Gregor W, 1900. An address on some problems of tropical medicine: delivered at the London School of Tropical Medicine on October 3rd, 1900. BMJ 2: 977.
-
29.
Daniels CW, 1890. An epidemic of dysentery. Practitioner 45: 343–346.
-
30.
Townes JM, 2010. Reactive arthritis after enteric infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 50: 247–254.
-
31.
Christenson B, 2006. Oscar costa-mandry and posthurricane bacillary dysentery. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1650–1651.
-
32.
Manson-Bahr P, 1958. The march of tropical medicine during the last fifty years (footprints on the sands of time). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52: 483–499.
-
33.
Scadding J, 2006. Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943–1944. J R Soc Med 99: 423–426.
-
34.
Cliff A, Haggett P, 1985. The Spread of Measles in Fiji and the Pacific. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.
-
35.
Burnet FM, 1968. Measles as an index of immunological function. Lancet 2: 610–613.
-
36.
Anonymous, 1875. The Measles in Fiji. Melbourne, Australia: The Argus.
-
37.
Davies S, 1894. Epidemic measles at Samoa. BMJ 1: 1077.
-
38.
Lynch G, 1905. Measles epidemic in Fiji during 1903. J Trop Med 8: 82–87.
-
39.
MacDonald H, 1911. Report to Chief Medical Officer, Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Government of Fiji.
-
40.
Cherry J, 1987. Measles. Feigin R, Cherry J, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1607–1628.
-
41.
Morens D, 1981. Measles in Fiji, 1875: thoughts on the history of emerging infectious diseases. Pac Health Dialog 5: 119–128.
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42.
Shanks G, Hussell T, Brundage JF, 2011. Epidemiological isolation causing variable mortality in island populations during the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 6: 417–423.
-
43.
Clemente JC, Pehrsson EC, Blaser MJ, Sandhu K, Gao Z, Wang B, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Contreras M, Noya-Alarcón Ó, 2015. The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Sci Adv 1: e1500183.
-
44.
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, 2014. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance. Front Microbiol 5: 781.
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45.
Kirch PV, Rallu JL, 2007. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
-
46.
Jensen KJ, Larsen N, Biering-Sorensen S, Andersen A, Eriksen H, Monteiro I, Hougaard D, Aaby P, Netea M, Flangan KL, Benn CS, 2015. Heterologous immunological effects of early BCG vaccination in low-birth-weight infants in Guinea-Bissau: a randomized-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 211: 956–967.
-
47.
Samb B, Aaby P, Whittle H, Coll Seck A, Simondon F, 1997. Decline in measles case fatality ratio after the introduction of measles immunization in rural Senegal. Am J Epidemiol 145: 51–57.
-
48.
Friedlaender JS, Friedlaender FR, Reed FA, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, Chambers GK, Lea RA, Loo JH, Koki G, Hodgson JA, Merriwether DA, Weber JL, 2008. The genetic structure of Pacific islanders. PLoS Genet 4: e19.
-
49.
Kayser M, 2010. The human genetic history of Oceania: near and remote views of dispersal. Curr Biol 20: R194–R201.
-
50.
Blackwell AD, Gurven MD, Sugiyama LS, Madimenos FC, Liebert MA, Martin MA, Kaplan HS, Snodgrass JJ, 2011. Evidence for a peak shift in a humoral response to helminths: age profiles of IgE in the Shuar of Ecuador, the Tsimane of Bolivia, and the U.S. NHANES. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1218.
-
51.
Wilson T, Reid J, 1949. Malaria among prisoners of war in Siam (“F” Force). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 43: 257–272.
-
52.
Dunlop EE, 2005. The War Diaries of Weary Dunlop. London, UK: Penguin UK.
-
53.
Lee M-S, Kang M-J, Huh S, 2013. Causes of death of prisoners of war during the Korean War (1950–1953). Yonsei Med J 54: 480–488.
-
54.
Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS, 2004. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430: 242–249.
-
55.
Shanks GD, Brundage JF, 2013. Pacific islands which escaped the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent morality experiences. Epidemiol Infect 141: 353–356.
-
56.
Baruzzi RG, Abdala N, Black FL, 1982. Measles and measles vaccination in isolated Amerindian tribes. II. The 1978/79 Xingu epidemic. Trop Geogr Med 34: 7–12.
-
57.
Kumar S, 1999. Jarawas threatened by measles outbreak. Lancet 354: 1624.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 318 | 277 | 33 |
| Full Text Views | 519 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 147 | 10 | 2 |
Lethality of First Contact Dysentery Epidemics on Pacific Islands
G. Dennis Shanks
G. Dennis Shanks
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia.
School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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PubMed
Infectious diseases depopulated many isolated Pacific islands when they were first exposed to global pathogen circulation from the 18th century. Although the mortality was great, the lack of medical observers makes determination of what happened during these historical epidemics largely speculative. Bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella is the most likely infection causing some of the most lethal island epidemics. The fragmentary historical record is reviewed to gain insight into the possible causes of the extreme lethality that was observed during first-contact epidemics in the Pacific. Immune aspects of the early dysentery epidemics and postmeasles infection resulting in subacute inflammatory enteric disease suggest that epidemiologic isolation was the major lethality risk factor on Pacific islands in the 19th century. Other possible risk factors include human leukocyte antigen homogeneity from a founder effect and pathogen-induced derangement of immune tolerance to gut flora. If this analysis is correct, then Pacific islands are currently at no greater risk of emerging disease epidemics than other developing countries despite their dark history.
Author Notes
Author's address: G. Dennis Shanks, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia, E-mail: dennis.shanks@defence.gov.au.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Jarves JJ, 1842. History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands. Boston, MA: Tappa Et Dennet.
-
2.
Buxton PA, 1926. The depopulation of the New Hebrides and other parts of Melanesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 19: 420–458.
-
3.
McArthur NR, 1967. Island Populations of the Pacific. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.
-
4.
Spriggs M, 2007. Population in a vegetable kingdom: Aneityum Island at European contact in 1830. Rallu J, Kirch P, eds. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 278–305.
-
5.
Cliff A, Haggett P, Smallman-Raynor M, 2000. Island Epidemics. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
6.
Diamond J, 1998. Guns, Germs and Steel. London, United Kingdom: Random House.
-
7.
Manson-Bahr P, 1920. Bacillary dysentery. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 13: 64–72.
-
8.
Boyd J, 1957. Dysentery: some personal experiences and observations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 51: 471–487.
-
9.
Howard M, 1991. Medical aspects of Sir John Moore's Corunna campaign, 1808–1809. J R Soc Med 84: 299.
-
10.
Connolly MA, Gayer M, Ryan MJ, Salama P, Spiegel P, Heymann DL, 2004. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. Lancet 364: 1974–1983.
-
11.
Woodward J, 1863. Outlines of the Chief Camp Disease of the United States Armies as Observed during the Present War. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.
-
12.
Bahr P, 1914. A study of epidemic dysentery in the Fiji Islands, with special reference to its epidemiology and treatment. BMJ 1: 294.
-
13.
Corney B, 1884. The behaviour of certain epidemic diseases in natives of Polynesia with especial reference to the Fiji Islands. Trans Epidem Soc London 3: 76–94.
-
14.
Anonymous, 1896. Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Decrease of the Native Population. Suva, Fiji: Government Printer, 200.
-
15.
Williams J, 1845. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands: With Remarks upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin, Languages, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants. London, UK: J. Snow.
-
16.
Schmitt RC, 1970. The Okuu: Hawaii's greatest epidemic. Hawaii Med J 29: 359–364.
-
17.
Schmitt RC, Nordyke EC, 2001. Death in Hawai'i: The Epidemics of 1848–1849.
-
18.
Hope BE, Hope JH, 2003. Native Hawaiian health in Hawaii: historical highlights. Calif J Health Promot 1: 1–9.
-
19.
Martin P, Combes C, 1996. Emerging infectious diseases and the depopulation of French Polynesia in the 19th century. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 359.
-
20.
Shanks GD, Lee SE, Howard A, Brundage JF, 2011. Extreme mortality after first introduction of measles virus to the Polynesian island of Rotuma, 1911. Am J Epidemiol 173: 1211–1222.
-
21.
Corney B, 1913. A note on an epidemic of measles at Rotuma, 1911. Proc R Soc Med 6: 138–154.
-
22.
Howard A, Rensel J, 2007. Island Legacy: A History of the Rotuman People. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing.
-
23.
Scragg R, 1977. Historical epidemiology in Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 20: 102–109.
-
24.
Davies M, 2002. Public Health and Colonialism: The Case of German New Guinea 1884–1914. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
-
25.
Shlomowitz R, 1987. Mortality and the Pacific labour trade. J Pac Hist 22: 34–55.
-
26.
Bahr PH, 1912. Investigations on Dysentery in Fiji. London, United Kingdom: London School of Tropical Medicine.
-
27.
Shlomowitz R, 1989. Epidemiology and the Pacific labor trade. J Interdiscip Hist 19: 585–610.
-
28.
Mac Gregor W, 1900. An address on some problems of tropical medicine: delivered at the London School of Tropical Medicine on October 3rd, 1900. BMJ 2: 977.
-
29.
Daniels CW, 1890. An epidemic of dysentery. Practitioner 45: 343–346.
-
30.
Townes JM, 2010. Reactive arthritis after enteric infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 50: 247–254.
-
31.
Christenson B, 2006. Oscar costa-mandry and posthurricane bacillary dysentery. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1650–1651.
-
32.
Manson-Bahr P, 1958. The march of tropical medicine during the last fifty years (footprints on the sands of time). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52: 483–499.
-
33.
Scadding J, 2006. Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943–1944. J R Soc Med 99: 423–426.
-
34.
Cliff A, Haggett P, 1985. The Spread of Measles in Fiji and the Pacific. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.
-
35.
Burnet FM, 1968. Measles as an index of immunological function. Lancet 2: 610–613.
-
36.
Anonymous, 1875. The Measles in Fiji. Melbourne, Australia: The Argus.
-
37.
Davies S, 1894. Epidemic measles at Samoa. BMJ 1: 1077.
-
38.
Lynch G, 1905. Measles epidemic in Fiji during 1903. J Trop Med 8: 82–87.
-
39.
MacDonald H, 1911. Report to Chief Medical Officer, Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Government of Fiji.
-
40.
Cherry J, 1987. Measles. Feigin R, Cherry J, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1607–1628.
-
41.
Morens D, 1981. Measles in Fiji, 1875: thoughts on the history of emerging infectious diseases. Pac Health Dialog 5: 119–128.
-
42.
Shanks G, Hussell T, Brundage JF, 2011. Epidemiological isolation causing variable mortality in island populations during the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 6: 417–423.
-
43.
Clemente JC, Pehrsson EC, Blaser MJ, Sandhu K, Gao Z, Wang B, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Contreras M, Noya-Alarcón Ó, 2015. The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Sci Adv 1: e1500183.
-
44.
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, 2014. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance. Front Microbiol 5: 781.
-
45.
Kirch PV, Rallu JL, 2007. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
-
46.
Jensen KJ, Larsen N, Biering-Sorensen S, Andersen A, Eriksen H, Monteiro I, Hougaard D, Aaby P, Netea M, Flangan KL, Benn CS, 2015. Heterologous immunological effects of early BCG vaccination in low-birth-weight infants in Guinea-Bissau: a randomized-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 211: 956–967.
-
47.
Samb B, Aaby P, Whittle H, Coll Seck A, Simondon F, 1997. Decline in measles case fatality ratio after the introduction of measles immunization in rural Senegal. Am J Epidemiol 145: 51–57.
-
48.
Friedlaender JS, Friedlaender FR, Reed FA, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, Chambers GK, Lea RA, Loo JH, Koki G, Hodgson JA, Merriwether DA, Weber JL, 2008. The genetic structure of Pacific islanders. PLoS Genet 4: e19.
-
49.
Kayser M, 2010. The human genetic history of Oceania: near and remote views of dispersal. Curr Biol 20: R194–R201.
-
50.
Blackwell AD, Gurven MD, Sugiyama LS, Madimenos FC, Liebert MA, Martin MA, Kaplan HS, Snodgrass JJ, 2011. Evidence for a peak shift in a humoral response to helminths: age profiles of IgE in the Shuar of Ecuador, the Tsimane of Bolivia, and the U.S. NHANES. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1218.
-
51.
Wilson T, Reid J, 1949. Malaria among prisoners of war in Siam (“F” Force). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 43: 257–272.
-
52.
Dunlop EE, 2005. The War Diaries of Weary Dunlop. London, UK: Penguin UK.
-
53.
Lee M-S, Kang M-J, Huh S, 2013. Causes of death of prisoners of war during the Korean War (1950–1953). Yonsei Med J 54: 480–488.
-
54.
Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS, 2004. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430: 242–249.
-
55.
Shanks GD, Brundage JF, 2013. Pacific islands which escaped the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent morality experiences. Epidemiol Infect 141: 353–356.
-
56.
Baruzzi RG, Abdala N, Black FL, 1982. Measles and measles vaccination in isolated Amerindian tribes. II. The 1978/79 Xingu epidemic. Trop Geogr Med 34: 7–12.
-
57.
Kumar S, 1999. Jarawas threatened by measles outbreak. Lancet 354: 1624.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 318 | 277 | 33 |
| Full Text Views | 519 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 147 | 10 | 2 |