ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
2.
Gamble CL, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO, 2009. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: 1–51.
-
3.
Eisele TP, Larsen D, Steketee RW, 2010. Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. Int J Epidemiol 39 (Suppl 1): i88–i101.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Malaria Report 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/report/en/index.html. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
5.
Guillet P, Alnwich D, Cham MK, Neira M, Zaim M, Heymann D, 2001. Long-lasting treated mosquito nets: a breakthrough in malaria prevention. Bull World Health Organ 79: 998.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_CDs_WHOPES_GCDPP_2005.11.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
7.
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JRM, de Francisco A, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM, Conteh M, Cham K, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, Hall AJ, 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337: 1499–1502.
-
8.
Allan R, O'Reilly L, Gilbos V, Kilian A, 2012. An observational study of material durability of three World Health Organization-recommended long-lasting insecticidal nets in eastern Chad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 407–411.
-
9.
Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, Atieli F, Duchon S, Phan C, 2008. Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda. Malar J 7: 49.
-
10.
Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, Gimnig J, Atieli F, Koekemoer L, Protopopoff N, 2011. Evidence for a useful life of more than three years for a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in western Uganda. Malar J 10: 299.
-
11.
Wills AB, Smith SC, Anshebo GY, Graves PM, Endeshaw T, Shargie EB, Damte M, Gebre T, Mosher AW, Patterson AE, Tesema YB, Richards FO Jr, Emerson PM, 2013. Physical durability of PermaNet 2.0 long-lasting insecticidal nets over three to 32 months of use in Ethiopia. Malar J 12: 242.
-
12.
Batisso E, Habte T, Tesfaye G, Getachew D, Tekalegne A, Kilian A, Mpeka B, Lynch C, 2012. A stitch in time: a cross-sectional survey looking at long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and attrition in SNNPR, Ethiopia. Malar J 11: 183.
-
13.
Mejia P, Teklehaimanot H, Tesfaye Y, Teklehaimanot A, 2013. Physical condition of Olyset nets after five years of utilization in rural western Kenya. Malar J 12: 158.
-
14.
Smith SC, Joshi UB, Grabowsky M, Selanikio J, Nobiya T, Aapore T, 2007. Evaluation of bed nets after 38 months of household use in northwest Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 243–248.
-
15.
Gerstl S, Dunkley S, Mukhtar A, Maes P, De Smet M, Baker S, Maikere J, 2010. Long-lasting insecticide-treated net usage in eastern Sierra Leone—the success of free distribution. Trop Med Int Health 15: 480–488.
-
16.
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1003–1008.
-
17.
Tsuzuki A, Khamlome B, Kawada H, Eto H, Phompida S, Takagi M, 2011. The efficacy and physical condition of olyset insecticide-treated nets after 5 years use in rural Lao PDR. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 42: 268–273.
-
18.
Malima RC, Magesa SM, Tungu PK, Mwingira V, Magogo FS, Sudi W, Mosha FW, Curtis CF, Maxwell C, Rowland M, 2008. An experimental hut evaluation of Olyset nets against anopheline mosquitoes after seven years use in Tanzanian villages. Malar J 7: 38.
-
19.
Tami A, Mubyazi G, Talbert A, Mshinda H, Duchon S, Lengeler C, 2004. Evaluation of Olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in Tanzania. Malar J 3: 19.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Dotson E, Hawley WA, Bayoh N, Williamson J, Mount D, Olang G, Vulule J, Slutsker L, Gimnig J, 2005. Evaluation of long-lasting insecticidal nets after 2 years of household use. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1141–1150.
-
21.
Erlanger T, Enayati A, Hemingway J, Mshinda H, Tami A, Lengeler C, 2004. Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 18: 153–160.
-
22.
N'Guessan R, Darriet F, Doannio JM, Chandre F, Carnevale P, 2001. Olyset net efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus after 3 years' field use in Cote d'Ivoire. Med Vet Entomol 15: 97–104.
-
23.
Bhatt RM, Sharma SN, Uragayala S, Dash AP, Kamaraju R, 2012. Effectiveness and durability of Interceptor long-lasting insecticidal nets in a malaria endemic area of central India. Malar J 11: 189.
-
24.
Asidi A, N'Guessan R, Akogbeto M, Curtis C, Rowland M, 2012. Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1101–1106.
-
25.
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Monitoring the Durability of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets under Operational Conditions. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501705_eng.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
26.
DHS Program, 2012. Available at: http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-FR266-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
27.
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, 2006. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan 21: 459–468.
-
28.
Carnevale P, Bitsindou P, Diomande L, Robert V, 1992. Insecticide impregnation can restore the efficiency of torn bed nets and reduce man-vector contact in malaria endemic areas. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 362–364.
-
29.
Shirayama Y, Phompida S, Kuroiwa C, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Kobayashi J, 2007. Maintenance behavior and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) previously introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. Public Health 121: 122–129.
-
30.
Port GR, Boreham PFL, 1982. The effect of bed nets on feeding by Anopheles gambiae giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 72: 483–488.
-
31.
Irish S, N'Guessan R, Boko PM, Metonnou C, Odjo A, Akogbeto M, Rowland M, 2008. Loss of protection with insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes once nets become holed: an experimental hut study. Parasit Vectors 1: 17.
-
32.
Rehman AM, Coleman M, Schwabe C, Baltazar G, Matias A, Gomes I, Yellot L, Aragon C, Nchama GN, Mzilahowa T, Rowland M, Kleinschmidt I, 2011. How much does malaria vector control quality matter: the epidemiological impact of holed nets and inadequate indoor residual spraying. PLoS ONE 6: e19205.
-
33.
N'Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated net and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
-
34.
Ashton R, Kyabayinze DJ, Opio T, Auma A, Edwards T, Matwale G, Onapa A, Brooker S, Kolaczinski JH, 2001. The impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on Wuchereria bancrofti infections in humans and mosquitoes: an observational study in northern Uganda. Parasit Vectors 134.
-
35.
Killeen GF, Okumu FO, N'Guessan R, Coosemans M, Adeogun A, Awolola S, Etang J, Dabiré RK, Corbel V, 2011. The importance of considering community-level effects when selecting insecticidal malaria vector products. Parasit Vectors 4: 160.
-
36.
WHOPES 2009. Thirteenth Working Group Meeting. WHO/HQ Geneva, 28–30 July 2009. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598712_eng.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
37.
Mutuku FM, Khambira M, Bisanzio D, Mungai P, Mwanzo I, Muchiri EM, King CH, Kitron U, 2013. Physical condition and maintenance of mosquito bed nets in Kwale County, coastal Kenya. Malar J 12: 46.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 308 | 270 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 608 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 185 | 7 | 0 |
Physical Durability of Two Types of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) Three Years After a Mass LLIN Distribution Campaign in Mozambique, 2008–2011
Juliette Morgan
Juliette Morgan
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ana Paula Abílio
Ana Paula Abílio
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Maria do Rosario Pondja
Maria do Rosario Pondja
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Dulcisária Marrenjo
Dulcisária Marrenjo
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jacinta Luciano
Jacinta Luciano
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Guilhermina Fernandes
Guilhermina Fernandes
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Samira Sabindy
Samira Sabindy
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Adam Wolkon
Adam Wolkon
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Gabriel Ponce de Leon
Gabriel Ponce de Leon
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Adeline Chan
Adeline Chan
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jodi Vanden Eng
Jodi Vanden Eng
President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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We conducted a prospective evaluation to measure the physical durability of two brands of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distributed during a campaign in 2008 in Nampula Province, Mozambique. Households with LLINs tagged during the campaign (6,000) were geo-located (34%) and a random sample was selected for each of 3 years of follow-up. The LLINs were evaluated in the field and a laboratory for presence of holes and a proportional hole index (pHI) was calculated following the World Health Organization guidelines. We performed 567 interviews (79.0%) and found 75.3% (72.1–78.4%) of households retained at least one LLIN after 3 years; the most common cause of attrition was damage beyond repair (51.0%). Hole damage was evident after 1 year, and increased by year. Olyset had a significantly greater mean number of holes and pHI compared with PermaNet 2.0 brand (all P values ≤ 0.001). Additional information about LLIN durability is recommended to improve malaria control efforts.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Juliette Morgan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Caucasus, Global Disease Detection Program, Tibilisi, GA, E-mail: jtm7@cdc.gov. Ana Paula Abilio, Jacinta Luciano, and Samira Sabindy, Instituto National da Saùde, Ministério, Maputo, Mozambique, E-mails: anabilio1408@gmail.com, jacinta.luciano@gmail.com, and sasibindy-mz@hotmail.com. Maria do Rosario Pondja, Dulcisaria Marrenjo, and Gilhermina Ferandes, Ministério da Saùde, Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Maputo, Mozmbique, E-mails: rosepondja@yahoo.com.br, dulcisaria@yahoo.com, and gracfernandes@yahoo.com.br. Adam Wolkon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch/President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: aow5@cdc.gov. Gabriel Ponce de Leon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: gcp1@cdc.gov. Adeline Chan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch/President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta GA, E-mail: asc8@cdc.gov. Jodi Vanden Eng, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Data Management Activity, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: jev8@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
2.
Gamble CL, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO, 2009. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: 1–51.
-
3.
Eisele TP, Larsen D, Steketee RW, 2010. Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. Int J Epidemiol 39 (Suppl 1): i88–i101.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Malaria Report 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/report/en/index.html. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
5.
Guillet P, Alnwich D, Cham MK, Neira M, Zaim M, Heymann D, 2001. Long-lasting treated mosquito nets: a breakthrough in malaria prevention. Bull World Health Organ 79: 998.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_CDs_WHOPES_GCDPP_2005.11.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
7.
Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JRM, de Francisco A, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM, Conteh M, Cham K, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, Hall AJ, 1991. The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337: 1499–1502.
-
8.
Allan R, O'Reilly L, Gilbos V, Kilian A, 2012. An observational study of material durability of three World Health Organization-recommended long-lasting insecticidal nets in eastern Chad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 407–411.
-
9.
Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, Atieli F, Duchon S, Phan C, 2008. Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda. Malar J 7: 49.
-
10.
Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, Gimnig J, Atieli F, Koekemoer L, Protopopoff N, 2011. Evidence for a useful life of more than three years for a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in western Uganda. Malar J 10: 299.
-
11.
Wills AB, Smith SC, Anshebo GY, Graves PM, Endeshaw T, Shargie EB, Damte M, Gebre T, Mosher AW, Patterson AE, Tesema YB, Richards FO Jr, Emerson PM, 2013. Physical durability of PermaNet 2.0 long-lasting insecticidal nets over three to 32 months of use in Ethiopia. Malar J 12: 242.
-
12.
Batisso E, Habte T, Tesfaye G, Getachew D, Tekalegne A, Kilian A, Mpeka B, Lynch C, 2012. A stitch in time: a cross-sectional survey looking at long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and attrition in SNNPR, Ethiopia. Malar J 11: 183.
-
13.
Mejia P, Teklehaimanot H, Tesfaye Y, Teklehaimanot A, 2013. Physical condition of Olyset nets after five years of utilization in rural western Kenya. Malar J 12: 158.
-
14.
Smith SC, Joshi UB, Grabowsky M, Selanikio J, Nobiya T, Aapore T, 2007. Evaluation of bed nets after 38 months of household use in northwest Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 243–248.
-
15.
Gerstl S, Dunkley S, Mukhtar A, Maes P, De Smet M, Baker S, Maikere J, 2010. Long-lasting insecticide-treated net usage in eastern Sierra Leone—the success of free distribution. Trop Med Int Health 15: 480–488.
-
16.
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1003–1008.
-
17.
Tsuzuki A, Khamlome B, Kawada H, Eto H, Phompida S, Takagi M, 2011. The efficacy and physical condition of olyset insecticide-treated nets after 5 years use in rural Lao PDR. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 42: 268–273.
-
18.
Malima RC, Magesa SM, Tungu PK, Mwingira V, Magogo FS, Sudi W, Mosha FW, Curtis CF, Maxwell C, Rowland M, 2008. An experimental hut evaluation of Olyset nets against anopheline mosquitoes after seven years use in Tanzanian villages. Malar J 7: 38.
-
19.
Tami A, Mubyazi G, Talbert A, Mshinda H, Duchon S, Lengeler C, 2004. Evaluation of Olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in Tanzania. Malar J 3: 19.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Dotson E, Hawley WA, Bayoh N, Williamson J, Mount D, Olang G, Vulule J, Slutsker L, Gimnig J, 2005. Evaluation of long-lasting insecticidal nets after 2 years of household use. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1141–1150.
-
21.
Erlanger T, Enayati A, Hemingway J, Mshinda H, Tami A, Lengeler C, 2004. Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 18: 153–160.
-
22.
N'Guessan R, Darriet F, Doannio JM, Chandre F, Carnevale P, 2001. Olyset net efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus after 3 years' field use in Cote d'Ivoire. Med Vet Entomol 15: 97–104.
-
23.
Bhatt RM, Sharma SN, Uragayala S, Dash AP, Kamaraju R, 2012. Effectiveness and durability of Interceptor long-lasting insecticidal nets in a malaria endemic area of central India. Malar J 11: 189.
-
24.
Asidi A, N'Guessan R, Akogbeto M, Curtis C, Rowland M, 2012. Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1101–1106.
-
25.
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Monitoring the Durability of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets under Operational Conditions. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501705_eng.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
26.
DHS Program, 2012. Available at: http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-FR266-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
27.
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, 2006. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan 21: 459–468.
-
28.
Carnevale P, Bitsindou P, Diomande L, Robert V, 1992. Insecticide impregnation can restore the efficiency of torn bed nets and reduce man-vector contact in malaria endemic areas. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 362–364.
-
29.
Shirayama Y, Phompida S, Kuroiwa C, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Kobayashi J, 2007. Maintenance behavior and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) previously introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. Public Health 121: 122–129.
-
30.
Port GR, Boreham PFL, 1982. The effect of bed nets on feeding by Anopheles gambiae giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 72: 483–488.
-
31.
Irish S, N'Guessan R, Boko PM, Metonnou C, Odjo A, Akogbeto M, Rowland M, 2008. Loss of protection with insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes once nets become holed: an experimental hut study. Parasit Vectors 1: 17.
-
32.
Rehman AM, Coleman M, Schwabe C, Baltazar G, Matias A, Gomes I, Yellot L, Aragon C, Nchama GN, Mzilahowa T, Rowland M, Kleinschmidt I, 2011. How much does malaria vector control quality matter: the epidemiological impact of holed nets and inadequate indoor residual spraying. PLoS ONE 6: e19205.
-
33.
N'Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated net and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
-
34.
Ashton R, Kyabayinze DJ, Opio T, Auma A, Edwards T, Matwale G, Onapa A, Brooker S, Kolaczinski JH, 2001. The impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on Wuchereria bancrofti infections in humans and mosquitoes: an observational study in northern Uganda. Parasit Vectors 134.
-
35.
Killeen GF, Okumu FO, N'Guessan R, Coosemans M, Adeogun A, Awolola S, Etang J, Dabiré RK, Corbel V, 2011. The importance of considering community-level effects when selecting insecticidal malaria vector products. Parasit Vectors 4: 160.
-
36.
WHOPES 2009. Thirteenth Working Group Meeting. WHO/HQ Geneva, 28–30 July 2009. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598712_eng.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2014.
-
37.
Mutuku FM, Khambira M, Bisanzio D, Mungai P, Mwanzo I, Muchiri EM, King CH, Kitron U, 2013. Physical condition and maintenance of mosquito bed nets in Kwale County, coastal Kenya. Malar J 12: 46.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 308 | 270 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 608 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 185 | 7 | 0 |