ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Barker SC, 1994. Phylogeny and classification, origins, and evolution of host associations of lice. Int J Parasitol 24: 1285–1291.
-
2.
Light JE, Toups MA, Reed DL, 2008. What's in a name: the taxonomic status of human head and body lice. Mol Phylogenet Evol 47: 1203–1216.
-
3.
Badiaga S, Brouqui P, 2012. Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 332–337.
-
4.
Nuttall GHF, 1917. The biology of Pediculus humanus. Parasitology 10: 80–185.
-
5.
Busvine JR, 1946. On the pigmentation of the body louse pediculus humanus L. In Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology (Vol. 21, No. 10–12, pp. 98–103). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
-
6.
Yong Z, Fournier PE, Rydkina E, Raoult D, 2003. The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus. C R Biol 326: 565–574.
-
7.
Leo NP, Barker SC, 2005. Unravelling the evolution of the head lice and body lice of humans. Parasitol Res 98: 44–47.
-
8.
Raoult D, Reed DL, Dittmar K, Kirchman JJ, Rolain JM, Guillen S, Light JE, 2008. Molecular identification of lice from pre-Columbian mummies. J Infect Dis 197: 535–543.
-
9.
Sasaki T, Poudel SK, Isawa H, Hayashi T, Seki N, Tomita T, Sawabe K, Kobayashi M, 2006. First molecular evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), collected from Nepalese children. J Med Entomol 43: 110–112.
-
10.
Angelakis E, Diatta G, Abdissa A, Trape JF, Mediannikov O, Richet H, Raoult D, 2011. Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana genotype C in head lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2357–2359.
-
11.
Boutellis A, Veracx A, Angelakis E, Diatta G, Mediannikov O, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2012. Bartonella quintana in head lice from Senegal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 564–567.
-
12.
Brouqui P, 2011. Arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder. Annu Rev Entomol 56: 357–374.
-
13.
Cutler SJ, 2010. Relapsing fever–a forgotten disease revealed. J Appl Microbiol 108: 1115–1122.
-
14.
Raoult D, Ndihokubwayo JB, Tissot-Dupont H, Roux V, Faugere B, Abegbinni R, Birtles RJ, 1998. Outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in Burundi. Lancet 352: 353–358.
-
15.
Raoult D, Roux V, 1999. The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases. Clin Infect Dis 29: 888–911.
-
16.
Bonilla DL, Kabeya H, Henn J, Kramer VL, Kosoy MY, 2009. Bartonella quintana in body lice and head lice from homeless persons, San Francisco, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 912–915.
-
17.
Angelakis E, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Brouqui P, 2011. Bartonella quintana in head louse nits. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 62: 244–246.
-
18.
Boutellis A, Mediannikov O, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Campelo D, Barker SC, Raoult D, 2013. Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 796–798.
-
19.
CIA Factbook, 2012. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
-
20.
Drali R, Boutellis A, Raoult D, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, 2013. Distinguishing body lice from head lice by multiplex real-time PCR analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 gene. PLoS ONE 8: e58088.
-
21.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
-
22.
Li W, Ortiz G, Fournier PE, Gimenez G, Reed DL, Pittendrigh B, Raoult D, 2010. Genotyping of human lice suggests multiple emergencies of body lice from local head louse populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e641.
-
23.
Piarroux R, Abedi AA, Shako JC, Kebela B, Karhemere S, Diatta G, Davoust B, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2013. Plague epidemics and lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 505–506.
-
24.
Veracx A, Boutellis A, Merhej V, Diatta G, Raoult D, 2012. Evidence for an African cluster of human head and body lice with variable colors and interbreeding of lice between continents. PLoS ONE 7: e37804.
-
25.
Ewing HE, 1926. A revision of the American lice of the genus Pediculus, together with aconsideration of the significance of their geographical and host distribution. Proc US Natl Museum 68: 1–30.
-
26.
Boutellis A, Drali R, Rivera MA, Mumcuoglu KY, Raoult D, 2013. Evidence of sympatry of clade A and clade B head lice in a pre-Columbian Chilean mummy from Camarones. PLoS ONE 8: e76818.
-
27.
Foucault C, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2006. Bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 217–223.
-
28.
Bacot A, 1921. On the probable identity of Rickettsia pediculi with Rickettsia quintana. BMJ 1: 156–157.
-
29.
Cutler S, Abdissa A, Adamu H, Tolosa T, Gashaw A, 2012. Bartonella quintana in Ethiopian lice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 35: 17–21.
-
30.
Fournier PE, Ndihokubwayo JB, Guidran J, Kelly PJ, Raoult D, 2002. Human pathogens in body and head lice. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1515–1518.
-
31.
Bouvresse S, Socolovshi C, Berdjane Z, Durand R, Izri A, Raoult D, Chosidow O, Brouqui P, 2011. No evidence of Bartonella quintana but detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in head lice from elementary schoolchildren in Paris. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 34: 475–477.
-
32.
Roux V, Raoult D, 1999. Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases. J Clin Microbiol 37: 596–599.
-
33.
La Scola SB, Fournier PE, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and culture of Bartonella quintana, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter spp. from decontaminated human body lice. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1707–1709.
-
34.
Brouqui P, La Scola B, Roux V, Raoult D, 1999. Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients. N Engl J Med 340: 184–189.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 535 | 457 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 880 | 16 | 0 |
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Detection of Bartonella quintana in African Body and Head Lice
Abdoul Karim Sangaré
Abdoul Karim Sangaré
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Amina Boutellis
Amina Boutellis
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Rezak Drali
Rezak Drali
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Cristina Socolovschi
Cristina Socolovschi
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Stephen C. Barker
Stephen C. Barker
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Georges Diatta
Georges Diatta
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Christophe Rogier
Christophe Rogier
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Marie-Marie Olive
Marie-Marie Olive
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Ogobara K. Doumbo
Ogobara K. Doumbo
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Didier Raoult
Didier Raoult
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Currently, the body louse is the only recognized vector of Bartonella quintana, an organism that causes trench fever. In this work, we investigated the prevalence of this bacterium in human lice in different African countries. We tested 616 head lice and 424 body lice from nine African countries using real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting intergenic spacer region 2 and specific B. quintana genes. Overall, B. quintana DNA was found in 54% and 2% of body and head lice, respectively. Our results also show that there are more body lice positive for B. quintana in poor countries, which was determined by the gross domestic product, than in wealthy areas (228/403 versus 0/21, P < 0.001). A similar finding was obtained for head lice (8/226 versus 2/390, P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that head lice in Africa may be infected by B. quintana when patients live in poor economic conditions and are also exposed to body lice.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Amina Boutellis, Rezak Drali, Cristina Socolovschi, Georges Diatta, and Didier Raoult, URMITE, UM63, 7278 CNRS, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France, and IRD, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: sangareak@icermali.org, amina.boutell@yahoo.fr, rezakdrali@hotmail.com, cr_socolovschi@yahoo.com, georges.diatta@ird.fr, and didier.raoult@gmail.com. Stephen C. Barker, Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, E-mail: s.barker@uq.edu.au. Christophe Rogier and Marie-Marie Olive, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar, E-mails: crogier@pasteur.mg and mmolive@pasteur.mg. Ogobara K. Doumbo, University of Bamako, MRTC/DEAP/FMPOS-UMI3189, Bamako, Mali, E-mail: okd@icermali.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Barker SC, 1994. Phylogeny and classification, origins, and evolution of host associations of lice. Int J Parasitol 24: 1285–1291.
-
2.
Light JE, Toups MA, Reed DL, 2008. What's in a name: the taxonomic status of human head and body lice. Mol Phylogenet Evol 47: 1203–1216.
-
3.
Badiaga S, Brouqui P, 2012. Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 332–337.
-
4.
Nuttall GHF, 1917. The biology of Pediculus humanus. Parasitology 10: 80–185.
-
5.
Busvine JR, 1946. On the pigmentation of the body louse pediculus humanus L. In Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology (Vol. 21, No. 10–12, pp. 98–103). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
-
6.
Yong Z, Fournier PE, Rydkina E, Raoult D, 2003. The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus. C R Biol 326: 565–574.
-
7.
Leo NP, Barker SC, 2005. Unravelling the evolution of the head lice and body lice of humans. Parasitol Res 98: 44–47.
-
8.
Raoult D, Reed DL, Dittmar K, Kirchman JJ, Rolain JM, Guillen S, Light JE, 2008. Molecular identification of lice from pre-Columbian mummies. J Infect Dis 197: 535–543.
-
9.
Sasaki T, Poudel SK, Isawa H, Hayashi T, Seki N, Tomita T, Sawabe K, Kobayashi M, 2006. First molecular evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), collected from Nepalese children. J Med Entomol 43: 110–112.
-
10.
Angelakis E, Diatta G, Abdissa A, Trape JF, Mediannikov O, Richet H, Raoult D, 2011. Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana genotype C in head lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2357–2359.
-
11.
Boutellis A, Veracx A, Angelakis E, Diatta G, Mediannikov O, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2012. Bartonella quintana in head lice from Senegal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 564–567.
-
12.
Brouqui P, 2011. Arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder. Annu Rev Entomol 56: 357–374.
-
13.
Cutler SJ, 2010. Relapsing fever–a forgotten disease revealed. J Appl Microbiol 108: 1115–1122.
-
14.
Raoult D, Ndihokubwayo JB, Tissot-Dupont H, Roux V, Faugere B, Abegbinni R, Birtles RJ, 1998. Outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in Burundi. Lancet 352: 353–358.
-
15.
Raoult D, Roux V, 1999. The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases. Clin Infect Dis 29: 888–911.
-
16.
Bonilla DL, Kabeya H, Henn J, Kramer VL, Kosoy MY, 2009. Bartonella quintana in body lice and head lice from homeless persons, San Francisco, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 912–915.
-
17.
Angelakis E, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Brouqui P, 2011. Bartonella quintana in head louse nits. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 62: 244–246.
-
18.
Boutellis A, Mediannikov O, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Campelo D, Barker SC, Raoult D, 2013. Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 796–798.
-
19.
CIA Factbook, 2012. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
-
20.
Drali R, Boutellis A, Raoult D, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, 2013. Distinguishing body lice from head lice by multiplex real-time PCR analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 gene. PLoS ONE 8: e58088.
-
21.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
-
22.
Li W, Ortiz G, Fournier PE, Gimenez G, Reed DL, Pittendrigh B, Raoult D, 2010. Genotyping of human lice suggests multiple emergencies of body lice from local head louse populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e641.
-
23.
Piarroux R, Abedi AA, Shako JC, Kebela B, Karhemere S, Diatta G, Davoust B, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2013. Plague epidemics and lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 505–506.
-
24.
Veracx A, Boutellis A, Merhej V, Diatta G, Raoult D, 2012. Evidence for an African cluster of human head and body lice with variable colors and interbreeding of lice between continents. PLoS ONE 7: e37804.
-
25.
Ewing HE, 1926. A revision of the American lice of the genus Pediculus, together with aconsideration of the significance of their geographical and host distribution. Proc US Natl Museum 68: 1–30.
-
26.
Boutellis A, Drali R, Rivera MA, Mumcuoglu KY, Raoult D, 2013. Evidence of sympatry of clade A and clade B head lice in a pre-Columbian Chilean mummy from Camarones. PLoS ONE 8: e76818.
-
27.
Foucault C, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2006. Bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 217–223.
-
28.
Bacot A, 1921. On the probable identity of Rickettsia pediculi with Rickettsia quintana. BMJ 1: 156–157.
-
29.
Cutler S, Abdissa A, Adamu H, Tolosa T, Gashaw A, 2012. Bartonella quintana in Ethiopian lice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 35: 17–21.
-
30.
Fournier PE, Ndihokubwayo JB, Guidran J, Kelly PJ, Raoult D, 2002. Human pathogens in body and head lice. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1515–1518.
-
31.
Bouvresse S, Socolovshi C, Berdjane Z, Durand R, Izri A, Raoult D, Chosidow O, Brouqui P, 2011. No evidence of Bartonella quintana but detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in head lice from elementary schoolchildren in Paris. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 34: 475–477.
-
32.
Roux V, Raoult D, 1999. Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases. J Clin Microbiol 37: 596–599.
-
33.
La Scola SB, Fournier PE, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and culture of Bartonella quintana, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter spp. from decontaminated human body lice. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1707–1709.
-
34.
Brouqui P, La Scola B, Roux V, Raoult D, 1999. Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients. N Engl J Med 340: 184–189.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 535 | 457 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 880 | 16 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 409 | 11 | 0 |