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Reference Manager
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Umezawa ES, Luquetti AO, Levitus G, Ponce C, Ponce E, Henriquez D, Revollo S, Espinoza B, Sousa O, Khan B, da Silveira JF, 2004. Serodiagnosis of chronic and acute Chagas' disease with Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant proteins: results of a collaborative study in six Latin American countries. J Clin Microbiol 42: 449–452.
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Caballero ZC, Sousa OE, Marques WP, Saez-Alquezar A, Umezawa ES, 2007. Evaluation of serological tests to identify Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and determine cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1045–1049.
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Delgado S, Castillo Neyra R, Quispe Machaca VR, Ancca Juarez J, Chou Chu L, Verastegui MR, Moscoso Apaza GM, Bocangel CD, Tustin AW, Sterling CR, Comrie AC, Naquira C, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2011. A history of chagas disease transmission, control, and re-emergence in peri-rural La Joya, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e970.
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Tustin AW, Small DS, Delgado S, Castillo Neyra R, Verastegui MR, Ancca Juárez JM, Quispe Machaca VR, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2012. Use of individual-level covariates to improve latent class analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi diagnostic tests. Epidemiol Method 1: 33–54.
-
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Hunter GC, Borrini-Mayori K, Ancca Juarez J, Castillo Neyra R, Verastegui MR, Malaga Chavez FS, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Cordova Benzaquen E, Naquira C, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2012. A field trial of alternative targeted screening strategies for Chagas disease in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1468.
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11.
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Laucella SA, Postan M, Martin D, Hubby Fralish B, Albareda MC, Alvarez MG, Lococo B, Barbieri G, Viotti RJ, Tarleton RL, 2004. Frequency of interferon- gamma-producing T cells specific for Trypanosoma cruzi inversely correlates with disease severity in chronic human Chagas disease. J Infect Dis 189: 909–918.
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Regional Variation in the Correlation of Antibody and T-Cell Responses to Trypanosoma cruzi
Diana L. Martin
Diana L. Martin
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Morgan Marks
Morgan Marks
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Gerson Galdos-Cardenas
Gerson Galdos-Cardenas
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Robert H. Gilman
Robert H. Gilman
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Brook Goodhew
Brook Goodhew
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Lisbeth Ferrufino
Lisbeth Ferrufino
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Anthony Halperin
Anthony Halperin
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Gerardo Sanchez
Gerardo Sanchez
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Manuela Verastegui
Manuela Verastegui
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Patricia Escalante
Patricia Escalante
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Cesar Naquira
Cesar Naquira
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Michael Z. Levy
Michael Z. Levy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Caryn Bern
Caryn Bern
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Central and South America. Geographic variations in the sensitivity of serologic diagnostic assays to T. cruzi may reflect differences in T. cruzi exposure. We measured parasite-specific T-cell responses among seropositive individuals in two populations from South America with widely varying antibody titers against T. cruzi. Antibody titers among seropositive individuals were significantly lower in Arequipa, Peru compared with Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Similarly, the proportion of seropositive individuals with positive T-cell responses was lower in Peru than Bolivia, resulting in overall lower frequencies of interferon-γ (IFNγ)-secreting cells from Peruvian samples. However, the magnitude of the IFNγ response was similar among the IFNγ responders in both locations. These data indicate that immunological discrepancies based on geographic region are reflected in T-cell responses as well as antibody responses.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by National Institutes of Health Tropical Medical Research Center Grant P50 AI074285 and National Institutes of Health Fogarty Scholars Program Grant R24 TW007988.
Authors' addresses: Diana L. Martin and Brook Goodhew, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: hz3@cdc.gov and isd6@cdc.gov. Morgan Marks, Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, E-mail: mmarkster@gmail.com. Gerson Galdos-Cardenas and Lisbeth Ferrufino, Hospital Universitario Japones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru, E-mails: gerson_galdos@yahoo.es and lisbeth_ferrufino@yahoo.es. Robert H. Gilman, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: gilmanabob@gmail.com. Gerardo Sanchez and Manuela Verastegui, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, E-mails: gjsg2@hotmail.com and mveraste@jhsph.edu. Patricia Escalante, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Perú, E-mail: patriciaeem2008@gmail.com. Cesar Naquira, Arequipa Ministry of Health, Arequipa, Peru, E-mail: cesar.naquira@gmail.com. Michael Z. Levy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, E-mail: mzlevy@mail.med.upenn.edu. Caryn Bern, University of California, San Francisco, CA, E-mail: Caryn.Bern2@ucsf.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2012. First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Disease. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564090_eng.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2012.
-
2.
Schijman AG, Bisio M, Orellana L, Sued M, Duffy T, Mejia Jaramillo AM, Cura C, Auter F, Veron V, Qvarnstrom Y, Deborggraeve S, Hijar G, Zulantay I, Lucero RH, Velazquez E, Tellez T, Sanchez Leon Z, Galvao L, Nolder D, Monje Rumi M, Levi JE, Ramirez JD, Zorrilla P, Flores M, Jercic MI, Crisante G, Anez N, De Castro AM, Gonzalez CI, Acosta Viana K, Yachelini P, Torrico F, Robello C, Diosque P, Triana Chavez O, Aznar C, Russomando G, Buscher P, Assal A, Guhl F, Sosa Estani S, DaSilva A, Britto C, Luquetti A, Ladzins J, 2011. International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from Chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e931.
-
3.
Afonso AM, Ebell MH, Tarleton RL, 2012. A systematic review of high quality diagnostic tests for Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1881.
-
4.
Verani JR, Seitz A, Gilman RH, LaFuente C, Galdos-Cardenas G, Kawai V, de LaFuente E, Ferrufino L, Bowman NM, Pinedo-Cancino V, Levy MZ, Steurer F, Todd CW, Kirchhoff LV, Cabrera L, Verastegui M, Bern C, 2009. Geographic variation in the sensitivity of recombinant antigen-based rapid tests for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 410–415.
-
5.
Umezawa ES, Luquetti AO, Levitus G, Ponce C, Ponce E, Henriquez D, Revollo S, Espinoza B, Sousa O, Khan B, da Silveira JF, 2004. Serodiagnosis of chronic and acute Chagas' disease with Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant proteins: results of a collaborative study in six Latin American countries. J Clin Microbiol 42: 449–452.
-
6.
Caballero ZC, Sousa OE, Marques WP, Saez-Alquezar A, Umezawa ES, 2007. Evaluation of serological tests to identify Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and determine cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1045–1049.
-
7.
Sosa-Estani S, Gamboa-Leon MR, Del Cid-Lemus J, Althabe F, Alger J, Almendares O, Cafferata ML, Chippaux JP, Dumonteil E, Gibbons L, Padilla-Raygoza N, Schneider D, Belizan JM, Buekens P, Working G, 2008. Use of a rapid test on umbilical cord blood to screen for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in pregnant women in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 755–759.
-
8.
Delgado S, Castillo Neyra R, Quispe Machaca VR, Ancca Juarez J, Chou Chu L, Verastegui MR, Moscoso Apaza GM, Bocangel CD, Tustin AW, Sterling CR, Comrie AC, Naquira C, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2011. A history of chagas disease transmission, control, and re-emergence in peri-rural La Joya, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e970.
-
9.
Tustin AW, Small DS, Delgado S, Castillo Neyra R, Verastegui MR, Ancca Juárez JM, Quispe Machaca VR, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2012. Use of individual-level covariates to improve latent class analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi diagnostic tests. Epidemiol Method 1: 33–54.
-
10.
Hunter GC, Borrini-Mayori K, Ancca Juarez J, Castillo Neyra R, Verastegui MR, Malaga Chavez FS, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Cordova Benzaquen E, Naquira C, Gilman RH, Bern C, Levy MZ, 2012. A field trial of alternative targeted screening strategies for Chagas disease in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1468.
-
11.
Levy MZ, Bowman NM, Kawai V, Plotkin JB, Waller LA, Cabrera L, Steurer F, Seitz AE, Pinedo-Cancino VV, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Cordova Benzaquen E, McKenzie FE, Maguire JH, Gilman RH, Bern C, 2009. Spatial patterns in discordant diagnostic test results for Chagas disease: links to transmission hotspots. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1104–1106.
-
12.
Laucella SA, Postan M, Martin D, Hubby Fralish B, Albareda MC, Alvarez MG, Lococo B, Barbieri G, Viotti RJ, Tarleton RL, 2004. Frequency of interferon- gamma-producing T cells specific for Trypanosoma cruzi inversely correlates with disease severity in chronic human Chagas disease. J Infect Dis 189: 909–918.
-
13.
Avila HA, Pereira JB, Thiemann O, De Paiva E, DeGrave W, Morel CM, Simpson L, 1993. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens of chronic chagasic patients by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA: comparison with serology and xenodiagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2421–2426.
-
14.
Salomone OA, Basquiera AL, Sembaj A, Aguerri AM, Reyes ME, Omelianuk M, Fernandez RA, Enders J, Palma A, Barral JM, Madoery RJ, 2003. Trypanosoma cruzi in persons without serologic evidence of disease, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1558–1562.
-
15.
Batista AM, Aguiar C, Almeida EA, Guariento ME, Wanderley JS, Costa SC, 2010. Evidence of Chagas disease in seronegative Brazilian patients with megaesophagus. Int J Infect Dis 14: e974–e977.
-
16.
Olivera GC, Albareda MC, Alvarez MG, De Rissio AM, Fichera LE, Cooley G, Yachelini P, Hrellac HA, Riboldi H, Laucella SA, Tarleton RL, Postan M, 2010. Trypanosoma cruzi-specific immune responses in subjects from endemic areas of Chagas disease of Argentina. Microbes Infect 12: 359–363.
-
17.
Ponce C, Ponce E, Vinelli E, Montoya A, de Aguilar V, Gonzalez A, Zingales B, Rangel-Aldao R, Levin MJ, Esfandiari J, Umezawa ES, Luquetti AO, da Silveira JF, 2005. Validation of a rapid and reliable test for diagnosis of Chagas' disease by detection of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antibodies in blood of donors and patients in Central America. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5065–5068.
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18.
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