ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Thylefors B, 1978. Ocular Onchocerciasis. Bull World Health Organ 56: 63–72.
-
2.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 2005. Final communiqué of the 11th session of the Joint Action Forum (JAF) of APOC, Paris, France, 6–9 December 2005. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: APOC.
-
3.
Winthrop KL, Furtado JM, Silva JC, Resnikoff S, Lansingh VC, 2011. River blindness: an old disease on the brink of elimination and control. J Glob Infect Dis 3: 151–155.
-
4.
White AT, Newland HS, Taylor HR, Erttmann KD, Keyvan-Larijani E, Nara A, Aziz MA, D'Anna SA, Williams PN, Greene BM, 1987. Controlled trail and dose finding study of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 156: 463–470.
-
5.
Dadzie Y, Neira M, Hopkins D, 2003. Final report of the conference on the eradicability of onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: 2.
-
6.
Diawara L, Traore MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toe L, Touree S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLOS Neg Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
7.
Tekle AH, Elhassan E, Isiyaku S, Amazigo UV, Bush S, Noma M, Cousens S, Abiose A, Remme JH, 2012. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: first evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Parasit Vect 5: 28.
-
8.
Traore MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro K, Seck AF, Toe L, Toure S, Remme JH, 2012. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLOS Neg Trop Dis 6: e1825.
-
9.
Katabarwa M, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo T, Agunyo S, Oguttu D, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 748540.
-
10.
Higazi TB, Zarroug IMA, Mohamed HA, ElMubark WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, Hashim K, 2013. Interruption of onchocerciasis transmission in the Abu Hamed Focus, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 51–57.
-
11.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 2009. Informal Consultation on elimination of Onchocerciasis Transmission with Current Tools in Africa “Shrinking the Map.” Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.
-
12.
Mackenzie CD, Homeida MM, Hopkins AD, Lawrence JC, 2012. Elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa: possible? Trends Parasitol 28: 16–22.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2001. Criteria for Certification of Interruption of Transmission/Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis. WHO report WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2001.18a. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA, 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
-
15.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Male B, 2007. Progress towards the elimination of onchocerciasis as a public-health problem in Uganda: opportunities, challenges and the way forward. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 323–333.
-
16.
Kruger A, Nurmi V, Yocha J, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Garms R, 1999. The Simulium damnosum complex in western Uganda and its role as a vector of Onchocerca volvulus. Trop Med Int Health 4: 819–826.
-
17.
Lakwo TL, 2004. Preliminary studies on the biting activity and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium neavei (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Kashoya-Kitomi focus, Western Uganda. East Afr Med J 81: 244–247.
-
18.
Brown AW, 1962. A survey of Simulium control in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 27: 511–527.
-
19.
Walsh JF, 1990. Review of vector control prior to the OCP. Acta Leiden 59: 61–78.
-
20.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Tukesiga E, Buttner DW, Garms R, 2004. The impact of ivermectin treatment alone and when in parallel with Simulium neavei elimination on onchocerciasis in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 9: 882–886.
-
21.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ, Amazigo UV, 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
22.
Lakwo TL, Garms R, Rubaale T, Katabarwa M, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Oguttu D, Unnasch T, Namanya H, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Bamuhiiga J, Byamukama E, Agunyo S, Richards F, 2013. The disappearance of onchocerciasis from the Itwara focus, western Uganda after elimination of the vector Simulium neavei and 19 years of annual ivermectin treatments. Acta Trop 126: 218–221.
-
23.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
24.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Dominguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
25.
Katholi C, 2010. Poolscreen v2.0. Available at: http://www.soph.uab.edu/bst/poolscreen. Accessed June 14, 2012.
-
26.
Hajek J, 1960. Limiting distributions in simple random sampling from a finite population. Publ Math Inst Hung Acad 5: 361–374.
-
27.
Lehmann EL, 1975. Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks. Oakland, CA: Holden-Day.
-
28.
Agresti A, Coull BA, 1998. Approximation is better than “exact” for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am Stat 52: 119–126.
-
29.
Wilson EB, 1927. Probabilistic inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc 22: 209–212.
-
30.
Katholi CR, Toe L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
31.
Gu W, Unnasch TR, Katholi CR, Lampman R, Novak RJ, 2008. Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arboviral transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 817–822.
-
32.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 600 | 545 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 449 | 20 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 131 | 14 | 1 |
Serosurveillance to Monitor Onchocerciasis Elimination: The Ugandan Experience
David Oguttu
David Oguttu
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Edson Byamukama
Edson Byamukama
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Charles R. Katholi
Charles R. Katholi
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Peace Habomugisha
Peace Habomugisha
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Christine Nahabwe
Christine Nahabwe
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Monica Ngabirano
Monica Ngabirano
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hassan K. Hassan
Hassan K. Hassan
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Thomson Lakwo
Thomson Lakwo
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Moses Katabarwa
Moses Katabarwa
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Frank O. Richards
Frank O. Richards
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Uganda is the only African country whose onchocerciasis elimination program uses a two-pronged approach of vector control and mass drug distribution. The Ugandan program relies heavily upon the use of serosurveys of children to monitor progress toward elimination. The program has tested over 39,000 individuals from 11 foci for Onchocerca volvulus exposure, using the Ov16 ELISA test. The data show that the Ov16 ELISA is a useful operational tool to monitor onchocerciasis transmission interruption in Africa at the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold of < 0.1% in children. The Ugandan experience has also resulted in a re-examination of the statistical methods used to estimate the boundary of the upper 95% confidence interval for the WHO prevalence threshold when all samples tested are negative. This has resulted in the development of Bayesian and hypergeometric statistical methods that reduce the number of individuals who must be tested to meet the WHO criterion.
Author Notes
Financial support: John Moores provided critical financial support for establishing the Uganda onchocerciasis molecular laboratory and launching the 2007 elimination field activities.
Authors' addresses: David Oguttu, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: dguttu@gmail.com. Edson Byamukama and Peace Habomugisha, The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, E-mails: edson.navs@gmail.com and provia5@hotmail.com. Charles R. Katholi, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, E-mail: ckatholi@uab.edu. Christine Nahabwe, Monica Ngabirano, and Thomson Lakwo, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mails: ch.nahabwe@gmail.com, ngabiranomonica@ymail.com, and tlakwo@gmail.com. Hassan K. Hassan and Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Disease Research, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mails: hhassan@health.usf.edu and tunnasch@health.usf.edu. Moses Katabarwa and Frank O. Richards, Emory University and The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: mkataba@emory.edu and frich01@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Thylefors B, 1978. Ocular Onchocerciasis. Bull World Health Organ 56: 63–72.
-
2.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 2005. Final communiqué of the 11th session of the Joint Action Forum (JAF) of APOC, Paris, France, 6–9 December 2005. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: APOC.
-
3.
Winthrop KL, Furtado JM, Silva JC, Resnikoff S, Lansingh VC, 2011. River blindness: an old disease on the brink of elimination and control. J Glob Infect Dis 3: 151–155.
-
4.
White AT, Newland HS, Taylor HR, Erttmann KD, Keyvan-Larijani E, Nara A, Aziz MA, D'Anna SA, Williams PN, Greene BM, 1987. Controlled trail and dose finding study of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 156: 463–470.
-
5.
Dadzie Y, Neira M, Hopkins D, 2003. Final report of the conference on the eradicability of onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: 2.
-
6.
Diawara L, Traore MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toe L, Touree S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLOS Neg Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
7.
Tekle AH, Elhassan E, Isiyaku S, Amazigo UV, Bush S, Noma M, Cousens S, Abiose A, Remme JH, 2012. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: first evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Parasit Vect 5: 28.
-
8.
Traore MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro K, Seck AF, Toe L, Toure S, Remme JH, 2012. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLOS Neg Trop Dis 6: e1825.
-
9.
Katabarwa M, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo T, Agunyo S, Oguttu D, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 748540.
-
10.
Higazi TB, Zarroug IMA, Mohamed HA, ElMubark WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, Hashim K, 2013. Interruption of onchocerciasis transmission in the Abu Hamed Focus, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 51–57.
-
11.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 2009. Informal Consultation on elimination of Onchocerciasis Transmission with Current Tools in Africa “Shrinking the Map.” Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.
-
12.
Mackenzie CD, Homeida MM, Hopkins AD, Lawrence JC, 2012. Elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa: possible? Trends Parasitol 28: 16–22.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2001. Criteria for Certification of Interruption of Transmission/Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis. WHO report WHO/CDS/CPE/CEE/2001.18a. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA, 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
-
15.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Male B, 2007. Progress towards the elimination of onchocerciasis as a public-health problem in Uganda: opportunities, challenges and the way forward. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 323–333.
-
16.
Kruger A, Nurmi V, Yocha J, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Garms R, 1999. The Simulium damnosum complex in western Uganda and its role as a vector of Onchocerca volvulus. Trop Med Int Health 4: 819–826.
-
17.
Lakwo TL, 2004. Preliminary studies on the biting activity and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium neavei (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Kashoya-Kitomi focus, Western Uganda. East Afr Med J 81: 244–247.
-
18.
Brown AW, 1962. A survey of Simulium control in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 27: 511–527.
-
19.
Walsh JF, 1990. Review of vector control prior to the OCP. Acta Leiden 59: 61–78.
-
20.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Tukesiga E, Buttner DW, Garms R, 2004. The impact of ivermectin treatment alone and when in parallel with Simulium neavei elimination on onchocerciasis in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 9: 882–886.
-
21.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ, Amazigo UV, 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
22.
Lakwo TL, Garms R, Rubaale T, Katabarwa M, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Oguttu D, Unnasch T, Namanya H, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Bamuhiiga J, Byamukama E, Agunyo S, Richards F, 2013. The disappearance of onchocerciasis from the Itwara focus, western Uganda after elimination of the vector Simulium neavei and 19 years of annual ivermectin treatments. Acta Trop 126: 218–221.
-
23.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
24.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Dominguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
25.
Katholi C, 2010. Poolscreen v2.0. Available at: http://www.soph.uab.edu/bst/poolscreen. Accessed June 14, 2012.
-
26.
Hajek J, 1960. Limiting distributions in simple random sampling from a finite population. Publ Math Inst Hung Acad 5: 361–374.
-
27.
Lehmann EL, 1975. Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks. Oakland, CA: Holden-Day.
-
28.
Agresti A, Coull BA, 1998. Approximation is better than “exact” for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am Stat 52: 119–126.
-
29.
Wilson EB, 1927. Probabilistic inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc 22: 209–212.
-
30.
Katholi CR, Toe L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
31.
Gu W, Unnasch TR, Katholi CR, Lampman R, Novak RJ, 2008. Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arboviral transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 817–822.
-
32.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 600 | 545 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 449 | 20 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 131 | 14 | 1 |