ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
World Health Organization, 2012. Children: Reducing Mortality, Fact Sheet No. 178. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets. Accessed June 21, 2012.
-
2.
NIPORT, 2011. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh: National Institute of Population Research and Training; and Calverton, MD: Mitra and Associates and MEASURE DHS, ICF International.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2003. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Montville R, Chen Y, Schaffner DW, 2001. Glove barriers to bacterial cross-contamination between hands to food. J Food Prot 64: 845–849.
-
5.
Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S, Goto R, Huda TM, Haque R, Raqib R, Unicomb L, Ahmed T, Colford JM Jr, Luby SP, 2013. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 130–137.
-
6.
UNICEF, 2004. Mapping India's Children: UNICEF in Action. New Delhi, India: UNICEF, 32–64.
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7.
Humphrey JH, 2009. Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing. Lancet 374: 1032–1035.
-
8.
Mattioli MC, Pickering AJ, Gilsdorf RJ, Davis J, Boehm AB, 2013. Hands and water as vectors of diarrheal pathogens in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Environ Sci Technol 47: 355–363.
-
9.
Motarjemi Y, Kaferstein F, Moy G, Quevedo F, 1993. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ 71: 79–92.
-
10.
Ehiri JE, Azubuike MC, Ubbaonu CN, Anyanwu EC, Ibe KM, Ogbonna MO, 2001. Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in eastern Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ 79: 423–433.
-
11.
Esrey SA, 1990. Food contamination and diarrhoea. World Health Jan–Feb: 19–20.
-
12.
Islam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque AS, Rahman S, Das SK, Ahmed D, Fattori V, Clarke R, Endtz HP, Cravioto A, 2012. Microbiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children. Eur J Clin Nutr 66: 1242–1246.
-
13.
Kothary MH, Babu US, 2001. Infective dose of food borne pathogens in volunteers: a review. J Food Saf 21: 49–73.
-
14.
Levine MM, Black RR, Clements ML, Nalin DR, Cisneros L, Finkelstein RA, 1981. Volunteer studies in development of vaccines against cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a review. Holme T, Holmgren J, Merson MH, Mollby R, eds. Acute Enteric Infections in Children: New Prospects for Treatment and Prevention. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 443–459.
-
15.
Islam MS, Hasan MK, Khan SI, 1993. Growth and survival of Shigella flexneri in common Bangladeshi foods under various conditions of time and temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 652–654.
-
16.
Kolvin JL, Roberts D, 1982. Studies on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and biotype classical in foods. J Hyg (Lond) 89: 243–252.
-
17.
Monte CM, Ashworth A, Nations MK, Lima AA, Barreto A, Huttly SR, 1997. Designing educational messages to improve weaning food hygiene practices of families living in poverty. Soc Sci Med 44: 1453–1464.
-
18.
Dewey KG, Adu-Afarwuah S, 2008. Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries. Matern Child Nutr 4 (Suppl 1): 24–85.
-
19.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Huda T, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, 2011. The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med 8: e1001052.
-
20.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366: 225–233.
-
21.
Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL, 2008. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 98: 1372–1381.
-
22.
Roberts L, Smith W, Jorm L, Patel M, Douglas RM, McGilchrist C, 2000. Effect of infection control measures on the frequency of upper respiratory infection in child care: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 105: 738–742.
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23.
Niffenegger JP, 1997. Proper handwashing promotes wellness in child care. J Pediatr Health Care 11: 26–31.
-
24.
Scrimshaw NS, SanGiovanni JP, 1997. Synergism of nutrition, infection, and immunity: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 464S–477S.
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25.
Usfar AA, Iswarawanti D, Davelyna D, Dillon D, 2010. Food and personal hygiene perceptions and practices among caregivers whose children have diarrhea: a qualitative study of urban mothers in Tangerang, Indonesia. J Nutr Educ 42.
-
26.
Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston R, Luby SP, 2010. Observed hand cleanliness and other measures of handwashing behavior in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 10: 545.
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27.
Kaplan LM, McGuckin M, 1986. Increasing handwashing compliance with more accessible sinks. Infect Control 7: 408–410.
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28.
Graham M, 1990. Frequency and duration of handwashing in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 18: 77–81.
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29.
Bischoff WE, Reynolds TM, Sessler CN, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP, 2000. Handwashing compliance by health care workers: the impact of introducing an accessible, alcohol-based hand antiseptic. Arch Intern Med 160: 1017–1021.
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30.
Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, French S, 2002. Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc 102 (Suppl): S40–S51.
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31.
Gielen AC, Sleet D, 2003. Application of behavior-change theories and methods to injury prevention. Epidemiol Rev 25: 65–76.
-
32.
Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D, 2003. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 93: 1552–1558.
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33.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
34.
Cousens S, Kanki B, Toure S, Diallo I, Curtis V, 1996. Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: structured observations from Burkina Faso. Soc Sci Med 43: 1299–1308.
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35.
Porzig-Drummond R, Stevenson R, Case T, Oaten M, 2009. Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests. Soc Sci Med 68: 1006–1012.
-
36.
Scott BE, Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Garbrah-Aidoo N, Animashaun R, 2007. Marketing hygiene behaviours: the impact of different communication channels on reported handwashing behaviour of women in Ghana. Health Educ Res 22: 225–233.
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37.
Scott BE, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
38.
Panter-Brick C, Clarke SE, Lomas H, Pinder M, Lindsay SW, 2006. Culturally compelling strategies for behaviour change: a social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med 62: 2810–2825.
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39.
Wood W, Tam L, Witt MG, 2005. Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. J Pers Soc Psychol 88: 918–933.
-
40.
Wood W, Neal DT, 2007. A new look at habits and the habit–goal interface. Psychol Rev 114: 843–863.
-
41.
Verplanken B, Orbell S, 2003. Reflections on past behavior: a self-report index of habit strength. J Appl Soc Psychol 33: 1313–1330.
-
42.
Verplanken B, 2006. Beyond frequency: habit as mental construct. Br J Soc Psychol 45: 639–656.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 733 | 502 | 51 |
| Full Text Views | 728 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 258 | 12 | 1 |
Handwashing before Food Preparation and Child Feeding: A Missed Opportunity for Hygiene Promotion
Fosiul A. Nizame
Fosiul A. Nizame
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Leanne Unicomb
Leanne Unicomb
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Tina Sanghvi
Tina Sanghvi
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Sumitro Roy
Sumitro Roy
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Md. Nuruzzaman
Md. Nuruzzaman
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Probir K. Ghosh
Probir K. Ghosh
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Peter J. Winch
Peter J. Winch
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Stephen P. Luby
Stephen P. Luby
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Alive and Thrive, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Enteric diseases are often caused by poor hygiene and can contribute to stunting. From 50 randomly selected villages in Bangladesh, we collected quantitative and qualitative data on handwashing linked to child feeding to integrate handwashing promotion into a young child complementary feeding program. Most participants stated that the community knew the importance of handwashing with soap before food preparation and feeding a child, but had not developed the habit. We observed no handwashing with soap at these key times; sometimes hands were rinsed with water only. Most participants cited the unavailability of soap and water near the cooking place as a barrier to handwashing before food preparation. Most caregivers ranked nurturing messages as the best motivator to encourage handwashing with soap. An integrated intervention should include having soap and water available near the food preparation area and should use nurturing themes to encourage habitual handwashing with soap.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Gates Foundation through Alive and Thrive.
Authors' addresses: Fosiul A. Nizame, Leanne Unicomb, Muhammad Nuruzzaman, and Probir K. Ghosh, WATSAN Research Group, Centre for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: fosiul@icddrb.org, leanne@icddrb.org, nuruzzaman@icddrb.org, and probir@icddrb.org. Tina Sanghvi and Sumitro Roy, Alive and Thrive Program/Family Health International, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: tsanghvi@fhi360.org and suroy@fhi360.org. Peter J. Winch, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: pwinch@jhsph.edu. Stephen P. Luby, Woods Institute of the Environment, Stanford University, Yang and Yamazaki Environment and Energy Building, Stanford, CA, E-mail: sluby@stanford.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2012. Children: Reducing Mortality, Fact Sheet No. 178. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets. Accessed June 21, 2012.
-
2.
NIPORT, 2011. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh: National Institute of Population Research and Training; and Calverton, MD: Mitra and Associates and MEASURE DHS, ICF International.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2003. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Montville R, Chen Y, Schaffner DW, 2001. Glove barriers to bacterial cross-contamination between hands to food. J Food Prot 64: 845–849.
-
5.
Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S, Goto R, Huda TM, Haque R, Raqib R, Unicomb L, Ahmed T, Colford JM Jr, Luby SP, 2013. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 130–137.
-
6.
UNICEF, 2004. Mapping India's Children: UNICEF in Action. New Delhi, India: UNICEF, 32–64.
-
7.
Humphrey JH, 2009. Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing. Lancet 374: 1032–1035.
-
8.
Mattioli MC, Pickering AJ, Gilsdorf RJ, Davis J, Boehm AB, 2013. Hands and water as vectors of diarrheal pathogens in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Environ Sci Technol 47: 355–363.
-
9.
Motarjemi Y, Kaferstein F, Moy G, Quevedo F, 1993. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ 71: 79–92.
-
10.
Ehiri JE, Azubuike MC, Ubbaonu CN, Anyanwu EC, Ibe KM, Ogbonna MO, 2001. Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in eastern Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ 79: 423–433.
-
11.
Esrey SA, 1990. Food contamination and diarrhoea. World Health Jan–Feb: 19–20.
-
12.
Islam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque AS, Rahman S, Das SK, Ahmed D, Fattori V, Clarke R, Endtz HP, Cravioto A, 2012. Microbiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children. Eur J Clin Nutr 66: 1242–1246.
-
13.
Kothary MH, Babu US, 2001. Infective dose of food borne pathogens in volunteers: a review. J Food Saf 21: 49–73.
-
14.
Levine MM, Black RR, Clements ML, Nalin DR, Cisneros L, Finkelstein RA, 1981. Volunteer studies in development of vaccines against cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a review. Holme T, Holmgren J, Merson MH, Mollby R, eds. Acute Enteric Infections in Children: New Prospects for Treatment and Prevention. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 443–459.
-
15.
Islam MS, Hasan MK, Khan SI, 1993. Growth and survival of Shigella flexneri in common Bangladeshi foods under various conditions of time and temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 652–654.
-
16.
Kolvin JL, Roberts D, 1982. Studies on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and biotype classical in foods. J Hyg (Lond) 89: 243–252.
-
17.
Monte CM, Ashworth A, Nations MK, Lima AA, Barreto A, Huttly SR, 1997. Designing educational messages to improve weaning food hygiene practices of families living in poverty. Soc Sci Med 44: 1453–1464.
-
18.
Dewey KG, Adu-Afarwuah S, 2008. Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries. Matern Child Nutr 4 (Suppl 1): 24–85.
-
19.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Huda T, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, 2011. The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med 8: e1001052.
-
20.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366: 225–233.
-
21.
Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL, 2008. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 98: 1372–1381.
-
22.
Roberts L, Smith W, Jorm L, Patel M, Douglas RM, McGilchrist C, 2000. Effect of infection control measures on the frequency of upper respiratory infection in child care: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 105: 738–742.
-
23.
Niffenegger JP, 1997. Proper handwashing promotes wellness in child care. J Pediatr Health Care 11: 26–31.
-
24.
Scrimshaw NS, SanGiovanni JP, 1997. Synergism of nutrition, infection, and immunity: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 464S–477S.
-
25.
Usfar AA, Iswarawanti D, Davelyna D, Dillon D, 2010. Food and personal hygiene perceptions and practices among caregivers whose children have diarrhea: a qualitative study of urban mothers in Tangerang, Indonesia. J Nutr Educ 42.
-
26.
Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston R, Luby SP, 2010. Observed hand cleanliness and other measures of handwashing behavior in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 10: 545.
-
27.
Kaplan LM, McGuckin M, 1986. Increasing handwashing compliance with more accessible sinks. Infect Control 7: 408–410.
-
28.
Graham M, 1990. Frequency and duration of handwashing in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 18: 77–81.
-
29.
Bischoff WE, Reynolds TM, Sessler CN, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP, 2000. Handwashing compliance by health care workers: the impact of introducing an accessible, alcohol-based hand antiseptic. Arch Intern Med 160: 1017–1021.
-
30.
Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, French S, 2002. Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc 102 (Suppl): S40–S51.
-
31.
Gielen AC, Sleet D, 2003. Application of behavior-change theories and methods to injury prevention. Epidemiol Rev 25: 65–76.
-
32.
Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D, 2003. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 93: 1552–1558.
-
33.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
34.
Cousens S, Kanki B, Toure S, Diallo I, Curtis V, 1996. Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: structured observations from Burkina Faso. Soc Sci Med 43: 1299–1308.
-
35.
Porzig-Drummond R, Stevenson R, Case T, Oaten M, 2009. Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests. Soc Sci Med 68: 1006–1012.
-
36.
Scott BE, Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Garbrah-Aidoo N, Animashaun R, 2007. Marketing hygiene behaviours: the impact of different communication channels on reported handwashing behaviour of women in Ghana. Health Educ Res 22: 225–233.
-
37.
Scott BE, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
38.
Panter-Brick C, Clarke SE, Lomas H, Pinder M, Lindsay SW, 2006. Culturally compelling strategies for behaviour change: a social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med 62: 2810–2825.
-
39.
Wood W, Tam L, Witt MG, 2005. Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. J Pers Soc Psychol 88: 918–933.
-
40.
Wood W, Neal DT, 2007. A new look at habits and the habit–goal interface. Psychol Rev 114: 843–863.
-
41.
Verplanken B, Orbell S, 2003. Reflections on past behavior: a self-report index of habit strength. J Appl Soc Psychol 33: 1313–1330.
-
42.
Verplanken B, 2006. Beyond frequency: habit as mental construct. Br J Soc Psychol 45: 639–656.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 733 | 502 | 51 |
| Full Text Views | 728 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 258 | 12 | 1 |