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Evaluation of rK-39 Strip Test Using Urine for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region of India
Dharmendra Singh
Dharmendra Singh
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Krishna Pandey
Krishna Pandey
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Vidya Nand Rabi Das
Vidya Nand Rabi Das
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Sushmita Das
Sushmita Das
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Neena Verma
Neena Verma
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Alok Ranjan
Alok Ranjan
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Sekhar Chandra Lal
Sekhar Chandra Lal
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Kamal Roshan Topno
Kamal Roshan Topno
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Shubhankar Kumar Singh
Shubhankar Kumar Singh
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Rakesh Bihari Verma
Rakesh Bihari Verma
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Ashish Kumar
Ashish Kumar
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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Abul Hasan Sardar
Abul Hasan Sardar
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Bidyut Purkait
Bidyut Purkait
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Pradeep Das
Pradeep Das
Departments of Molecular Biology, Clinical Medicine, Pathology, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Epidemiology, and Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
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The definitive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) requires invasive procedures for demonstration of parasites in tissue smear or culture. These procedures need expertise and laboratory supports and cannot be performed in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the existing rK-39 immunochromatographic nitrocellulose strips test (ICT) with some modification in human urine for diagnosis of VL. The test was performed on both sera and urine samples on the same 786 subjects (365 confirmed VL and 421 control subjects). The sensitivity of the rK-39 ICT in serum was 100%, whereas the specificity was 93.8%, 100%, and 96.2% in healthy controls from endemic, non-endemic, and other infectious diseases, respectively. However, in urine samples, the test showed 96.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Considering sensitivity and feasibility of the test in the field, rK-39 ICT using urine samples can be an alternative to conventional invasive VL diagnosis.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Dharmendra Singh, Sushmita Das, Ashish Kumar, Abul Hasan Sardar, Bidyut Purkait, and Pradeep Das, Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mails: singhd72@yahoo.co.in, sushmita.de2008@gmail.com, ashish2k8@gmail.com, abulhasansardar82@gmail.com, bidybiotech@gmail.com, and rmrims@icmr.org.in. Krishna Pandey, Vidya Nand Rabi Das, and Rakesh Bihari Verma, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mails: drkrishnapandey@yahoo.com, drvnrdas@yahoo.com, and rbihariverma@yahoo.com. Neena Verma, Department of Pathology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: verma_neena@yahoo.com. Alok Ranjan, Department of Health Research Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: aranjan30@yahoo.com. Sekhar Chandra Lal, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: drcslal@sify.com. Kamal Roshan Topno, Department of Epidemiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: roshanktopno@yahoo.co.in. Shubhankar Kumar Singh, Immunology Division, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: sksrmri@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lukes J, Mauricio IL, Schönian G, Dujardin JC, Soteriadou K, Dedet JP, Kuhls K, Tintaya KW, Jirků M, Chocholová E, Haralambous C, Pratlong F, ObornÃk M, Horák A, Ayala FJ, Miles MA, 2007. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9375–9380.
-
2.
Berman JD, 1997. Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 24: 684–703.
-
3.
Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27: 305–318.
-
4.
Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M; the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team, 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7: e35671.
-
5.
Stauch A, Sarkar RR, Picado A, Ostyn B, Sundar S, Rijal S, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC, Duerr HP, 2011. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1405.
-
6.
Das P, Samuels S, Desjeux P, Mittal A, Topno R, Siddiqui NA, Sur D, Pandey A, Sarnoff R, 2010. Annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health 15 (Suppl 2): 4–11.
-
7.
Srividya G, Kulshrestha A, Singh R, Salotra P, 2012. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade. Parasitol Res 110: 1065–1078.
-
8.
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el-Hassan AM, el-Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1992. Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 505–507.
-
9.
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14: 417–423.
-
10.
Kumar S, Kumar D, Chakravarty J, Rai M, Sundar S, 2012. Identification and characterization of a novel Leishmania donovani antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 601–605.
-
11.
Pedras MJ, de Gouvêa Viana L, de Oliveira EJ, Rabello A, 2008. Comparative evaluation of direct agglutination test, rK39 and soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 172–178.
-
12.
Gidwani K, Kumar R, Rai M, Sundar S, 2009. Longitudinal seroepidemiologic study of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic regions of Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 345–346.
-
13.
Fisa R, Riera C, López-Chejade P, Molina I, Gállego M, Falcó V, Ribera E, Portús M, 2008. Leishmania infantum DNA detection in urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 741–744.
-
14.
Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H, 2004. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5249–5255.
-
15.
Salotra P, Sreenivas G, Pogue GP, Lee N, Nakhasi HL, Ramesh V, Negi NS, 2001. Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 39: 849–854.
-
16.
Srivastava P, Mehrotra S, Tiwary P, Chakravarty J, Sundar S, 2011. Diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis by nucleic acid detection using PCR. PLoS One 6: e19304.
-
17.
de Assis TS, Braga AS, Pedras MJ, Oliveira E, Barral A, de Siqueira IC, Costa CH, Costa DL, Holanda TA, Soares VY, Biá M, Caldas A de J, Romero GA, Rabello A, 2010. Multi-centric prospective evaluation of rk39 rapid test and direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105: 81–85.
-
18.
Maia Z, LÃrio M, Mistro S, Mendes CM, Mehta SR, Badaro R, 2012. Comparative study of rK39 Leishmania antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1484.
-
19.
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351: 563–565.
-
20.
Zijlstra EE, Nur Y, Desjeux P, Khalil EA, El Hassan AM, Groen J, 2001. Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis with the recombinant K39 strip test: experience from the Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 6: 108–113.
-
21.
Mondal D, Singh SP, Kumar N, Joshi A, Sundar S, Das P, Siddhivinayak H, Kroeger A, Boelaert M, 2009. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination program in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal: reshaping the case finding/case management strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e355.
-
22.
WHO/SEARO, 2005. Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-Azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005–2015). Geneva: WHO/SEARO.
-
23.
Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Sinha PK, Karbwang J, 2006. Elimination of leishmaniasis (kala-azar) from the Indian subcontinent is technically feasible and operationally achievable. Indian J Med Res 123: 195–196.
-
24.
Hirve S, Singh SP, Kumar N, Banjara MR, Das P, Sundar S, Rijal S, Joshi A, Kroeger A, Varghese B, Thakur CP, Huda MM, Mondal D, 2010. Effectiveness and feasibility of active and passive case detection in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 507–511.
-
25.
Thakur CP, Meenakshi Thakur AK, Thakur S, 2009. Newer strategies for the kala-azar elimination programme in India. Indian J Med Res 129: 102–104.
-
26.
Matlashewski G, Arana B, Kroeger A, Battacharya S, Sundar S, Das P, Sinha PK, Rijal S, Mondal D, Zilberstein D, Alvar J, 2011. Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 322–325.
-
27.
Saha S, Goswami R, Pramanik N, Guha SK, Saha B, Rahman M, Mallick S, Modak D, Silva FO, Mendonca IL, Costa DL, Costa CH, Ali N, 2011. Easy test for visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1304–1306.
-
28.
Galaï Y, Chabchoub N, Ben-Abid M, Ben-Abda I, Ben-Alaya-Bouafif N, Amri F, Aoun K, Bouratbine A, 2011. Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA in oral fluid samples collected using an Oracol device. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3150–3153.
-
29.
Khan MG, Alam MS, Podder MP, Itoh M, Jamil KM, Haque R, Wagatsuma Y, 2010. Evaluation of rK-39 strip test using urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Bangladesh. Parasit Vectors 3: 114.
-
30.
Singh D, Pandey K, Das VN, Das S, Kumar S, Topno RK, Das P, 2009. Novel noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by rK39 testing of sputum samples. J Clin Microbiol 47: 2684–2685.
-
31.
Vaish M, Singh OP, Chakravarty J, Sundar S, 2012. rK39 antigen for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by using human saliva. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 598–600.
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