ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Velasco-Castrejón O, 1987. Las leishmaniasis en México. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 29: 119–126.
-
2.
Arias JR, Beltrán F, Desjeux P, Walton B, 1996. Epidemiología y Control de las Leishmaniasis en las Américas, por País o Territorio. Cuaderno Técnico: OPS, 44.
-
3.
Braga RR, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Ryan L, Silveira FT, 1986. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XXII: Characterization of Leishmania from man, dogs and the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) isolated during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Santarem, Para State. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 143–145.
-
4.
Velasco O, Guzmán-Bracho C, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Rivas B, 1994. Leishmaniasis. Valdespino JL, Velasco O, Escobar A, Del Río A, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Magos C, eds. Enfermedades Tropicales en México. Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Distribución Geográfica, México. Mexico City: Secretaría de Salud, INDRE, 293–308.
-
5.
Ibáñez-Bernal S, Rodríguez-Domínguez G, Gómez-Hernández CH, Ricardez-Esquinca JR, 2004. First Record of Lutzomyia evansi (Nuñez-Tovar 1924) in México (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 127–129.
-
6.
Baez-Villaseñor J, Ruiloba J, Rojas E, Treviño A, Campillo C, 1952. Presentación de un caso de kala-azar. Rev Invest Clin México 4: 57–78.
-
7.
Aguirre A, Biagi F, Hernández-Nieto A, 1963. Segundo caso autóctono de kala-azar en México. Leishmaniasis visceral. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 20: 317–333.
-
8.
Biagi FF, Tay J, 1963. Observaciones sobre un nuevo foco endémico de kala-azar en México. Rev Fac Med UNAM 5: 7–11.
-
9.
Biagi F, López R, De Biagi AM, 1965. El kala-azar en México; problema ecológico por estudiar. Rev Inst Salubr Enferm Trop Mex 25: 3–12.
-
10.
Quiñones A, Galindo PL, Halabe J, Butrón-Pérez L, Velasco O, Lisfshitz A, 1989. Leishmaniasis visceral (kala-azar). Informe de un adulto mexicano. Rev Med IMSS (Mex) 27: 49–52.
-
11.
SSA, 1999. Norma Oficial Mexicana de Emergencia para la Vigilancia, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, NOM-EM-001-SSA2-1999.
-
12.
SSA, 2002. Norma Oficial Mexicana para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, NOM-032-SSA2-2002.
-
13.
Olivo-Díaz A, Chávez LS, Guzmán BC, 2006. Manual de Procedimientos de Técnicas Diagnósticas del Laboratorio de Leishmaniosis. Mexico City: CENAVECE-InDRE.
-
14.
Dursun O, Erişir S, Yeşilipek A, 2009. Visceral childhood leishmaniasis in southern Turkey: experience of twenty years. Turk J Pediatr 51: 1–5.
-
15.
Mueller Y, Mbulamberi DB, Odermatt P, Hoffmann A, Loutan L, Chappuis F, 2009. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of visceral leishmaniasis patients in eastern Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 14: 910–917.
-
16.
Rey LC, Martins CV, Ribeiro HB, Lima AA, 2005. American visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in hospitalized children from an endemic area. J Pediatr (Rio J) 81: 73–78.
-
17.
Schaefer KU, Kurtzhals JA, Sherwood JA, Githure JI, Kager PA, Muller AS, 1994. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Baringo District, Rift Valley, Kenya. A literature review. Trop Geogr Med 46: 129–133.
-
18.
Queiroz MJ, Alves JG, Correia JB, 2004. Visceral leishmaniasis: clinical and epidemiological features of children in an endemic area. J Pediatr (Rio J) 80: 141–146.
-
19.
Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Maraghi S, Zaker N, 2006. Pediatric visceral leishmanisis in the south west part of Iran: a study of 215 cases. Pak J Med Sci 22: 461–464.
-
20.
Alvar J, Yactayo S, Bern C, 2006. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol 22: 552–557.
-
21.
Costa CH, Pereira HF, Araújo MV, 1990. Epidemia de leishmaniose visceral no estado do Piauí, Brazil, 1980–1986. Rev. Saude. Publica. Sao Paulo 24: 361–372.
-
22.
Tesh RB, 1995. Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis: is it time to change strategies? Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 287–292.
-
23.
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–243.
-
24.
Pinto MC, Campbell-Lendrum DH, Lozovei AL, Teodoro U, Davies CR, 2001. Phlebotomine sandfly responses to carbon dioxide and human odour in the field. Med Vet Entomol 15: 132–139.
-
25.
Courtenay O, Quinnell RJ, Garcez LM, Shaw JJ, Dye C, 2002. Infectiousness in a cohort of Brazilian dogs: why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission. J Infect Dis 186: 1314–1320.
-
26.
Dietze R, Barros GB, Teixeira L, Harris J, Michelson K, Falqueto A, Corey R, 1997. Effect of eliminating seropositive canines on the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 25: 1240–1242.
-
27.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L, 2001. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 39: 560–563.
-
28.
Bhattarai NR, Van der Auwera G, Rijal S, Picado A, Speybroeck N, Khanal B, De Doncker S, Das ML, Ostyn B, Davies C, Coosemans M, Berkvens D, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC, 2010. Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 231–237.
-
29.
Travi BL, Jaramillo C, Montoya J, Segura I, Zea A, Goncalves A, Velez ID, 1994. Didelphis marsupialis, an important reservoir of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 557–565.
-
30.
Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O, 2009. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 136: 1915–1934.
-
31.
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian K, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 655–662.
-
32.
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 184–188.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 244 | 196 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 403 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 10 | 0 |
American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Chiapas, Mexico
Jorge A. Pastor-Santiago
Jorge A. Pastor-Santiago
Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México City, México; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México City, México
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Susana Chávez-López
Susana Chávez-López
Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México City, México; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México City, México
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Carmen Guzmán-Bracho
Carmen Guzmán-Bracho
Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México City, México; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México City, México
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Ana Flisser
Ana Flisser
Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México City, México; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México City, México
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Angélica Olivo-Díaz
Angélica Olivo-Díaz
Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México City, México; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México City, México
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We report the results of a study conducted during 1990–2006 with 89 cases of American visceral leishmaniasis in Chiapas State in southeastern Mexico and a seroprevalence study performed with 726 persons and 224 dogs that lived near cases of American visceral leishmaniasis. Clinical aspects, epidemiologic profiles, and risk factors are described. Most cases were in children ≤ 5 years of age, the prevalence of seropositive persons was 77%. The main risk factors associated with this disease were having 1–3 rooms in a house compared with ≥ 4 rooms, having a roof that was not made of cement, and having domestic animals. In contrast, only 19% of dogs were seropositive, suggesting that this species is not important in the transmission cycle of Leishmania. These data indicate that active transmission is taking place in the central valley of Chiapas State, Mexico, in communities located < 1,000 meters above sea level near the Grijalva River.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was partially supported by grant I30103-B from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.
Authors' addresses: Jorge A. Pastor-Santiago, Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Unidad Administrativa, Edificio C, Segundo Piso, Colonia Maya, C.P. 29007, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México, E-mail: albertosan.pas@gmail.com. Susana Chávez-López and Carmen Guzmán-Bracho, Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, SSA, Carpio 470 2° Piso, Colonia Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, México City, México, E-mails: sus_bte@yahoo.com.mx and cguzman@salud.gob.mx. Ana Flisser, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México, E-mail: flisser@servidor.unam.mx. Angélica Olivo-Díaz, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, SSA, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Colonia Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, México City, México, E-mail: aolivod@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Velasco-Castrejón O, 1987. Las leishmaniasis en México. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 29: 119–126.
-
2.
Arias JR, Beltrán F, Desjeux P, Walton B, 1996. Epidemiología y Control de las Leishmaniasis en las Américas, por País o Territorio. Cuaderno Técnico: OPS, 44.
-
3.
Braga RR, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Ryan L, Silveira FT, 1986. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XXII: Characterization of Leishmania from man, dogs and the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) isolated during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Santarem, Para State. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 143–145.
-
4.
Velasco O, Guzmán-Bracho C, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Rivas B, 1994. Leishmaniasis. Valdespino JL, Velasco O, Escobar A, Del Río A, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Magos C, eds. Enfermedades Tropicales en México. Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Distribución Geográfica, México. Mexico City: Secretaría de Salud, INDRE, 293–308.
-
5.
Ibáñez-Bernal S, Rodríguez-Domínguez G, Gómez-Hernández CH, Ricardez-Esquinca JR, 2004. First Record of Lutzomyia evansi (Nuñez-Tovar 1924) in México (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 127–129.
-
6.
Baez-Villaseñor J, Ruiloba J, Rojas E, Treviño A, Campillo C, 1952. Presentación de un caso de kala-azar. Rev Invest Clin México 4: 57–78.
-
7.
Aguirre A, Biagi F, Hernández-Nieto A, 1963. Segundo caso autóctono de kala-azar en México. Leishmaniasis visceral. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 20: 317–333.
-
8.
Biagi FF, Tay J, 1963. Observaciones sobre un nuevo foco endémico de kala-azar en México. Rev Fac Med UNAM 5: 7–11.
-
9.
Biagi F, López R, De Biagi AM, 1965. El kala-azar en México; problema ecológico por estudiar. Rev Inst Salubr Enferm Trop Mex 25: 3–12.
-
10.
Quiñones A, Galindo PL, Halabe J, Butrón-Pérez L, Velasco O, Lisfshitz A, 1989. Leishmaniasis visceral (kala-azar). Informe de un adulto mexicano. Rev Med IMSS (Mex) 27: 49–52.
-
11.
SSA, 1999. Norma Oficial Mexicana de Emergencia para la Vigilancia, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, NOM-EM-001-SSA2-1999.
-
12.
SSA, 2002. Norma Oficial Mexicana para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, NOM-032-SSA2-2002.
-
13.
Olivo-Díaz A, Chávez LS, Guzmán BC, 2006. Manual de Procedimientos de Técnicas Diagnósticas del Laboratorio de Leishmaniosis. Mexico City: CENAVECE-InDRE.
-
14.
Dursun O, Erişir S, Yeşilipek A, 2009. Visceral childhood leishmaniasis in southern Turkey: experience of twenty years. Turk J Pediatr 51: 1–5.
-
15.
Mueller Y, Mbulamberi DB, Odermatt P, Hoffmann A, Loutan L, Chappuis F, 2009. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of visceral leishmaniasis patients in eastern Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 14: 910–917.
-
16.
Rey LC, Martins CV, Ribeiro HB, Lima AA, 2005. American visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in hospitalized children from an endemic area. J Pediatr (Rio J) 81: 73–78.
-
17.
Schaefer KU, Kurtzhals JA, Sherwood JA, Githure JI, Kager PA, Muller AS, 1994. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Baringo District, Rift Valley, Kenya. A literature review. Trop Geogr Med 46: 129–133.
-
18.
Queiroz MJ, Alves JG, Correia JB, 2004. Visceral leishmaniasis: clinical and epidemiological features of children in an endemic area. J Pediatr (Rio J) 80: 141–146.
-
19.
Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Maraghi S, Zaker N, 2006. Pediatric visceral leishmanisis in the south west part of Iran: a study of 215 cases. Pak J Med Sci 22: 461–464.
-
20.
Alvar J, Yactayo S, Bern C, 2006. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol 22: 552–557.
-
21.
Costa CH, Pereira HF, Araújo MV, 1990. Epidemia de leishmaniose visceral no estado do Piauí, Brazil, 1980–1986. Rev. Saude. Publica. Sao Paulo 24: 361–372.
-
22.
Tesh RB, 1995. Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis: is it time to change strategies? Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 287–292.
-
23.
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–243.
-
24.
Pinto MC, Campbell-Lendrum DH, Lozovei AL, Teodoro U, Davies CR, 2001. Phlebotomine sandfly responses to carbon dioxide and human odour in the field. Med Vet Entomol 15: 132–139.
-
25.
Courtenay O, Quinnell RJ, Garcez LM, Shaw JJ, Dye C, 2002. Infectiousness in a cohort of Brazilian dogs: why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission. J Infect Dis 186: 1314–1320.
-
26.
Dietze R, Barros GB, Teixeira L, Harris J, Michelson K, Falqueto A, Corey R, 1997. Effect of eliminating seropositive canines on the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 25: 1240–1242.
-
27.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L, 2001. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 39: 560–563.
-
28.
Bhattarai NR, Van der Auwera G, Rijal S, Picado A, Speybroeck N, Khanal B, De Doncker S, Das ML, Ostyn B, Davies C, Coosemans M, Berkvens D, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC, 2010. Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 231–237.
-
29.
Travi BL, Jaramillo C, Montoya J, Segura I, Zea A, Goncalves A, Velez ID, 1994. Didelphis marsupialis, an important reservoir of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 557–565.
-
30.
Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O, 2009. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 136: 1915–1934.
-
31.
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian K, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 655–662.
-
32.
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 184–188.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 244 | 196 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 403 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 10 | 0 |