ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Portaels F, Silva MT, Meyers WM, 2009. Buruli ulcer. Clin Dermatol 27: 291–305.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2000. Buruli Ulcer-Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. Asiedu K, Sherpbier R, Raviglione M, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization, /CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.1.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2004. Buruli ulcer disease. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: an overview of reported cases globally. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79: 194–200.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2001. Buruli Ulcer. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease. Portaels F, Johnson P, Meyers WM, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.4.
-
5.
Janssens P, Pattyn SR, Meyers WM, Portaels F, 2005. Buruli ulcer: a historical overview with updating to 2005. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre Mer 51: 265–299.
-
6.
Ouattara D, Aka GK, Meningaud JP, Sica A, Kaba L, Gadegbeku S, 2003. Les localisations faciales de l'ulcère de Buruli: à propos de deux cas. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 104: 231–234.
-
7.
Kouame K, Ecra E, Cisse M, Gbery I, Kacou E, Kassi K, Kouassi A, Ahogo C, Yoboue P, Kanga JM, 2008. Ulcère de Buruli céphalique: huit observations au CHU d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Med Trop (Mars) 68: 643–644.
-
8.
Noeske J, Kuaban C, Rondini S, Sorlin P, Ciaffi L, Mbuagbaw J, Portaels F, Pluschke G, 2004. Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 520–526.
-
9.
Debacker M, Aguiar J, Stenou C, Zinsou C, Meyers WM, Scott JT, Dramaix M, Portaels F, 2004. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1297–1304.
-
10.
Phanzu MD, Ablordey A, Imposo BD, Lefevre L, Mahema RL, Suykerbuyk P, Meyers WM, Portaels F, 2007. Short report: edematous Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) on the face: a case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1099–1102.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2004. Provisional Guidance on the Role of Specific Antibiotics in the Management of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli Ulcer). Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2004.10.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2008. Buruli ulcer: progress report, 2004–2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83: 145–156.
-
13.
Eddyani M, Debacker M, Martin A, Aguiar J, Johnson RC, Uwizeye C, Fissette K, Portaels F, 2008. Primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage in a semi-solid transport medium. J Clin Microbiol 46: 69–72.
-
14.
Phanzu DM, Bafende AE, Dunda BK, Imposo DB, Kibadi KA, Nsiangana ZS, Singa NJ, Meyers WM, Suykerbuyk P, Portaels F, 2006. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital in Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002–2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 311–314.
-
15.
Eddyani M, Fraga AG, Schmitt F, Uwizeye C, Fissette K, Johnson C, Aguiar J, Sopoh G, Barogui Y, Meyers WM, Pedrosa J, Portaels F, 2009. Fine-needle aspiration, an efficient sampling technique for bacteriological diagnosis of nonulcerative Buruli ulcer. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1700–1704.
-
16.
Sopoh GE, Johnson RC, Chauty A, Dossou AD, Aguiar J, Salmon O, Portaels F, Asiedu K, 2007. Buruli ulcer surveillance, Benin, 2003–2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1374–1376.
-
17.
Bafende AE, Phanzu MD, Imposo BB, 2004. Buruli ulcer in the Democratic Republic of Congo: epidemiology, presentation and outcome. Trop Doct 34: 82–84.
-
18.
Portaels F, 1989. Epidémiologie des ulcères à Mycobacterium ulcerans. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 69: 91–103.
-
19.
En J, Goto M, Nakanaga K, Higashi M, Ishii N, Saito H, Yonezawa S, Hamada H, Small PL, 2008. Mycolactone is responsible for the painlessness of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) in a murine study. Infect Immun 76: 2002–2007.
-
20.
Kibadi K, Boelaert M, Kayinua M, Minuku JB, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Portaels F, Lefèvre P, 2009. Therapeutic itineraries of patients with ulcerated forms of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer) disease in a rural health zone in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1110–1116.
-
21.
Silva MT, Portaels F, Pedrosa JR, 2009. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 699–710.
-
22.
Meyers WM, 1995. Mycobacterial infections of the skin. Doerr W, Seifert G, eds. Tropical Pathology. Second edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 291–377.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2006. Buruli Ulcer: Prevention of Disability. Lehman L, Simonet V, Saunderson P, Agbenorku P, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Connor DH, Lunn HF, 1966. Buruli ulceration. Arch Pathol 81: 183–199.
-
25.
Reid IS, 1967. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a report of 13 cases at the Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua. Med J Aust 1: 427–431.
-
26.
Smith JH, 1970. Epidemiologic observations on cases of Buruli ulcer seen in a hospital in the Lower Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 657–663.
-
27.
Barker DJ, 1971. Buruli disease in a district of Uganda. J Trop Med Hyg 74: 260–264.
-
28.
The Uganda Buruli Group, 1971. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) at Kinyara, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65: 763–775.
-
29.
Barker DJ, 1972. The distribution of Buruli disease in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66: 867–874.
-
30.
Meyers WM, Connor DH, McCullough B, Bourland J, Moris R, Proos L, 1974. Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in Zaïre, including the report of new foci. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 54: 147–157.
-
31.
Oluwasanmi JO, Solankee TF, Olurin EO, Itayemi SO, Alabi GO, Lucas AO, 1976. Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli) skin ulceration in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 122–128.
-
32.
Ravisse P, 1977. L'ulcère cutané à Mycobacterium ulcerans au Cameroun. I. Etude clinique, épidémiologique et histologique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 70: 109–124.
-
33.
Van der Werf TS, Van der Graaf WT, Groothuis DG, Knell AJ, 1989. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in Ashanti region, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 410–413.
-
34.
Darie H, Le Guyadec T, Touze JE, 1993. Aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques de l'ulcère de Buruli en Côte d'Ivoire. A propos de 124 observations récentes. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86: 272–276.
-
35.
Josse R, Guédénon A, Aguiar J, Anagonou S, Zinsou C, Prost C, Foundohou J, Touze JE, 1994. L'ulcère de Buruli, une pathologie peu connue au Bénin. A propos de 227 cas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 87: 170–175.
-
36.
Addo HA, 1995. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) in Ga District of Greater Accra Region. Ghana Med J 29: 595–602.
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37.
Aujoulat I, Huguet-Ribas MP, Koïta Y, 1996. L'ulcère de Buruli: un problème de santé publique méconnu, appelant une mobilisation internationale. Dev Sante 125: 22–30.
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38.
Aguiar J, Domingo MC, Guédénon A, Meyers WM, Stenou C, Portaels F, 1997. L'ulcère de Buruli, une maladie mycobactérienne importante et en recrudescence au Bénin. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre Mer 3: 325–356.
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Asiedu K, Etuaful S, 1998. Socioeconomic implications of Buruli ulcer in Ghana: a three-year review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 1015–1022.
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Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection (Buruli Ulcer) on the Face: A Comparative Analysis of 13 Clinically Suspected Cases from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Delphin M. Phanzu
Delphin M. Phanzu
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Roger L. Mahema
Roger L. Mahema
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Patrick Suykerbuyk
Patrick Suykerbuyk
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Désiré-Hubert B. Imposo
Désiré-Hubert B. Imposo
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Linda F. Lehman
Linda F. Lehman
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Elie Nduwamahoro
Elie Nduwamahoro
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wayne M. Meyers
Wayne M. Meyers
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Marleen Boelaert
Marleen Boelaert
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Françoise Portaels
Françoise Portaels
Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo; American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina; Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, and Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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We report our experience in managing 13 consecutive clinically suspected cases of Buruli ulcer on the face treated at the hospital of the Institut Médical Evangélique at Kimpese, Democratic Republic of Congo diagnosed during 2003–2007. During specific antibiotherapy, facial edema diminished, thus minimizing the subsequent extent of surgery and severe disfigurations. The following complications were observed: 1) lagophthalmos from scarring in four patients and associated ectropion in three of them; 2) blindness in one eye in one patient; 3) disfiguring exposure of teeth and gums resulting from excision of the left labial commissure that affected speech, drinking, and eating in one patient; and 4) dissemination of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in three patients. Our study highlights the importance of this clinical presentation of Buruli ulcer, and the need for health workers in disease-endemic areas to be aware of the special challenges management of Buruli ulcer on the face presents.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the American Leprosy Missions (Greenville, SC) and the European Commission (International Science and Technology Cooperation Development Program), Project No. INCO-CT-2005-05-051476-BURULICO.
Authors' addresses: Delphin M. Phanzu, Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: dmavingaphanzu@yahoo.fr. Roger L. Mahema and Désiré-Hubert B. Imposo, Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese Hospital, Kimpese, Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, E-mails: mahemalut@yahoo.fr and imposodesire@yahoo.fr. Patrick Suykerbuyk, Elie Nduwamahoro, and Françoise Portaels, Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, E-mails: psuykerbuyk.acolson@gmail.com, enduwamahoro@itg.br, and portaels@itg.be. Linda F. Lehman, American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, SC, E-mail: lehman@uaigiga.com.br. Wayne M. Meyers, Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, E-mail: wmekmeyers@comcast.net. Marleen Boelaert, Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: mboelaert@itg.be.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Portaels F, Silva MT, Meyers WM, 2009. Buruli ulcer. Clin Dermatol 27: 291–305.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2000. Buruli Ulcer-Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. Asiedu K, Sherpbier R, Raviglione M, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization, /CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.1.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2004. Buruli ulcer disease. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: an overview of reported cases globally. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79: 194–200.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2001. Buruli Ulcer. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease. Portaels F, Johnson P, Meyers WM, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.4.
-
5.
Janssens P, Pattyn SR, Meyers WM, Portaels F, 2005. Buruli ulcer: a historical overview with updating to 2005. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre Mer 51: 265–299.
-
6.
Ouattara D, Aka GK, Meningaud JP, Sica A, Kaba L, Gadegbeku S, 2003. Les localisations faciales de l'ulcère de Buruli: à propos de deux cas. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 104: 231–234.
-
7.
Kouame K, Ecra E, Cisse M, Gbery I, Kacou E, Kassi K, Kouassi A, Ahogo C, Yoboue P, Kanga JM, 2008. Ulcère de Buruli céphalique: huit observations au CHU d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Med Trop (Mars) 68: 643–644.
-
8.
Noeske J, Kuaban C, Rondini S, Sorlin P, Ciaffi L, Mbuagbaw J, Portaels F, Pluschke G, 2004. Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 520–526.
-
9.
Debacker M, Aguiar J, Stenou C, Zinsou C, Meyers WM, Scott JT, Dramaix M, Portaels F, 2004. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1297–1304.
-
10.
Phanzu MD, Ablordey A, Imposo BD, Lefevre L, Mahema RL, Suykerbuyk P, Meyers WM, Portaels F, 2007. Short report: edematous Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) on the face: a case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1099–1102.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2004. Provisional Guidance on the Role of Specific Antibiotics in the Management of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli Ulcer). Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2004.10.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2008. Buruli ulcer: progress report, 2004–2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83: 145–156.
-
13.
Eddyani M, Debacker M, Martin A, Aguiar J, Johnson RC, Uwizeye C, Fissette K, Portaels F, 2008. Primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage in a semi-solid transport medium. J Clin Microbiol 46: 69–72.
-
14.
Phanzu DM, Bafende AE, Dunda BK, Imposo DB, Kibadi KA, Nsiangana ZS, Singa NJ, Meyers WM, Suykerbuyk P, Portaels F, 2006. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital in Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002–2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 311–314.
-
15.
Eddyani M, Fraga AG, Schmitt F, Uwizeye C, Fissette K, Johnson C, Aguiar J, Sopoh G, Barogui Y, Meyers WM, Pedrosa J, Portaels F, 2009. Fine-needle aspiration, an efficient sampling technique for bacteriological diagnosis of nonulcerative Buruli ulcer. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1700–1704.
-
16.
Sopoh GE, Johnson RC, Chauty A, Dossou AD, Aguiar J, Salmon O, Portaels F, Asiedu K, 2007. Buruli ulcer surveillance, Benin, 2003–2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1374–1376.
-
17.
Bafende AE, Phanzu MD, Imposo BB, 2004. Buruli ulcer in the Democratic Republic of Congo: epidemiology, presentation and outcome. Trop Doct 34: 82–84.
-
18.
Portaels F, 1989. Epidémiologie des ulcères à Mycobacterium ulcerans. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 69: 91–103.
-
19.
En J, Goto M, Nakanaga K, Higashi M, Ishii N, Saito H, Yonezawa S, Hamada H, Small PL, 2008. Mycolactone is responsible for the painlessness of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) in a murine study. Infect Immun 76: 2002–2007.
-
20.
Kibadi K, Boelaert M, Kayinua M, Minuku JB, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Portaels F, Lefèvre P, 2009. Therapeutic itineraries of patients with ulcerated forms of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer) disease in a rural health zone in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1110–1116.
-
21.
Silva MT, Portaels F, Pedrosa JR, 2009. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 699–710.
-
22.
Meyers WM, 1995. Mycobacterial infections of the skin. Doerr W, Seifert G, eds. Tropical Pathology. Second edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 291–377.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2006. Buruli Ulcer: Prevention of Disability. Lehman L, Simonet V, Saunderson P, Agbenorku P, eds. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Connor DH, Lunn HF, 1966. Buruli ulceration. Arch Pathol 81: 183–199.
-
25.
Reid IS, 1967. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a report of 13 cases at the Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua. Med J Aust 1: 427–431.
-
26.
Smith JH, 1970. Epidemiologic observations on cases of Buruli ulcer seen in a hospital in the Lower Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 657–663.
-
27.
Barker DJ, 1971. Buruli disease in a district of Uganda. J Trop Med Hyg 74: 260–264.
-
28.
The Uganda Buruli Group, 1971. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) at Kinyara, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65: 763–775.
-
29.
Barker DJ, 1972. The distribution of Buruli disease in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66: 867–874.
-
30.
Meyers WM, Connor DH, McCullough B, Bourland J, Moris R, Proos L, 1974. Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in Zaïre, including the report of new foci. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 54: 147–157.
-
31.
Oluwasanmi JO, Solankee TF, Olurin EO, Itayemi SO, Alabi GO, Lucas AO, 1976. Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli) skin ulceration in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 122–128.
-
32.
Ravisse P, 1977. L'ulcère cutané à Mycobacterium ulcerans au Cameroun. I. Etude clinique, épidémiologique et histologique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 70: 109–124.
-
33.
Van der Werf TS, Van der Graaf WT, Groothuis DG, Knell AJ, 1989. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in Ashanti region, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 410–413.
-
34.
Darie H, Le Guyadec T, Touze JE, 1993. Aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques de l'ulcère de Buruli en Côte d'Ivoire. A propos de 124 observations récentes. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86: 272–276.
-
35.
Josse R, Guédénon A, Aguiar J, Anagonou S, Zinsou C, Prost C, Foundohou J, Touze JE, 1994. L'ulcère de Buruli, une pathologie peu connue au Bénin. A propos de 227 cas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 87: 170–175.
-
36.
Addo HA, 1995. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) in Ga District of Greater Accra Region. Ghana Med J 29: 595–602.
-
37.
Aujoulat I, Huguet-Ribas MP, Koïta Y, 1996. L'ulcère de Buruli: un problème de santé publique méconnu, appelant une mobilisation internationale. Dev Sante 125: 22–30.
-
38.
Aguiar J, Domingo MC, Guédénon A, Meyers WM, Stenou C, Portaels F, 1997. L'ulcère de Buruli, une maladie mycobactérienne importante et en recrudescence au Bénin. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre Mer 3: 325–356.
-
39.
Asiedu K, Etuaful S, 1998. Socioeconomic implications of Buruli ulcer in Ghana: a three-year review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 1015–1022.
-
40.
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