ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
Chareonviriyaphap T, Bangs MJ, Ratanatham S, 2000. Status of malaria in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31: 225–237.
-
2.
Harinasuta T, Suntharasamai P, Viravan C, 1965. Chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Lancet 2: 660–675.
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Vijaykadga S, Rojanawatsirivej C, Cholpol S, Phoungmanee D, Nakavej A, Wongsrichanalai C, 2006. In vivo sensitivity monitoring of mefloquine monotherapy and artesunate-mefloquine combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand in 2003. Trop Med Int Health 11: 211–219.
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Alker AP, Lim P, Sem R, Shah NK, Yi P, Bouth DM, Tsuyuoka R, Maguire JD, Fandeur T, Ariey F, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2007. Pfmdr1 and in vivo resistance to artesunate-mefloquine in falciparum malaria on the Cambodian-Thai border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 641–647.
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Nelson AL, Purfield A, McDaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2005. Pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-Myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 586–592.
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11.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 2004. Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increase pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet 364: 438–447.
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Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, Khim N, Lim P, Volney B, Ekala MT, Bouchier C, Esterre P, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Lancet 366: 1960–1963.
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Uhlemann AC, Cameron A, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Fischbarg J, Iserovich P, Zuniga FA, East M, Lee A, Brady L, Haynes RK, Krishna S, 2005. A single amino acid residue can determine the sensitivity of SERCAs to artemisinins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12: 628–629.
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14.
Na-Bangchang K, Ruengweerayut R, Mahamad P, Ruengweerayut K, Chaijaroenkul W, 2010. Declining in efficacy of a three-day combination regimen of mefloquine-artesunate in a multi-drug resistance area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Malar J 9: 273–280.
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Ariey F, Chalvet W, Hommel D, Peneau C, Hulin A, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Duchemin JB, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum parasites in French Guiana: limited genetic diversity and high selfing rate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 978–985.
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Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6: 861–871.
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Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344: 257–263.
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20.
Ferreira ID, Martinelli A, Rodrigues LA, do Carmo EL, do Rosário VE, Póvoa MM, Cravo P, 2008. Plasmodium falciparum from Para state (Brazil) shows satisfactory in vitro response to artemisinin derivatives and absence of the S769N mutation in the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Trop Med Int Health 13: 199–207.
-
21.
Ferreira ID, Rosario VE, Cravo PV, 2006. Real-time quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I detection for estimating copy numbers of nine drug resistance candidate genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 5: 1–8.
-
22.
Lin JT, Juliano JJ, Wongsrichanalai C, 2010. Drug-resistant malaria: the era of ACT. Curr Infect Dis Rep 12: 165–173.
-
23.
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298: 210–213.
-
24.
Lakshmanan V, Bray PG, Verdier-Pinard D, Johnson DJ, Horrocks P, Muhle RA, Alakpa GE, Hughes RH, Ward SA, Krogstad DJ, Sidhu AB, Fidock DA, 2005. A critical role for PfCRT K76T in Plasmodium falciparum verapamil-reversible chloroquine resistance. EMBO J 24: 2294–2305.
-
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Hall AP, Segal HE, Pearlman EJ, Phintuyothin P, Kosakal S, 1975. Amodiaquine resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 575–580.
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Mwai L, Ochong E, Abdirahman A, Kiara SM, Ward S, Kokwaro G, Sasi P, Marsh K, Borrmann S, Mackinnon M, Nzila A, 2009. Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya. Malar J 8: 106–112.
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Polymorphisms of Molecular Markers of Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Relationship with Artesunate-Mefloquine Combination Therapy in Patients with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Thailand
Poonuch Muhamad
Poonuch Muhamad
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Papichaya Phompradit
Papichaya Phompradit
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Wannapa Sornjai
Wannapa Sornjai
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Thunyaluk Maensathian
Thunyaluk Maensathian
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Wanna Chaijaroenkul
Wanna Chaijaroenkul
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Ronnatrai Rueangweerayut
Ronnatrai Rueangweerayut
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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Kesara Na-Bangchang
Kesara Na-Bangchang
Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang District, Pathumtani, Thailand; Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot, Tak Province, Thailand
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The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1), and P. falciparum ATPase (pfatp6) and clinical outcome after a three-day mefloquine-artesunate combination therapy in 134 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an area with multidrug resistance along the Thailand-Myanmar border. Analysis of gene mutation and amplification were performed by nested real-time polymerase chain reaction and SYBR Green I real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The mutation for pfcrt (codons 76, 220, 271, 326, 356, and 371) was found in all isolates (100%), whereas no mutation of pfmdr1 (codon 86) and pfatp6 (codons 37, 693, 769, 898) was found. The Pfmdr1 copy number was significantly higher in isolates with recrudescence (median number = 2.44) compared with a sensitive response (median number = 1.44). The gene copy number was also found to be significantly higher in paired isolates collected before treatment and at the time of recrudescence. All isolates carried one pfatp6 gene copy.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education of Thailand, and the National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of Higher Education Commission. Papichaya Phompradit received a Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. scholarship from the Thailand Research Fund.
Authors' addresses: Poonuch Muhamad, Papichaya Phompradit, Wannapa Sornjai, Thunyaluk Maensathian, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, and Kesara Na-Bangchang, Thailand Center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klongnueng, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand, E-mails: nurah_ab@yahoo.com, v_iv_iii_ii_i@hotmail.com, wan_napa_9@hotmail.com, kawaei_sine009@hotmail.com, wn_ap39@yahoo.com, and kesaratmu@yahoo.com. Ronnatrai Rueangweerayut, Mae-Sot General Hospital, Mae-Sot 63110, Tak Province, Thailand, E-mail: ronnatrai@yahoo.com.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chareonviriyaphap T, Bangs MJ, Ratanatham S, 2000. Status of malaria in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31: 225–237.
-
2.
Harinasuta T, Suntharasamai P, Viravan C, 1965. Chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Lancet 2: 660–675.
-
3.
Na-Bangchang K, Karbwang J, 2009. Current status of malaria chemotherapy and the role of pharmacology in antimalarial drug research and development. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 23: 387–409.
-
4.
Vijaykadga S, Rojanawatsirivej C, Cholpol S, Phoungmanee D, Nakavej A, Wongsrichanalai C, 2006. In vivo sensitivity monitoring of mefloquine monotherapy and artesunate-mefloquine combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand in 2003. Trop Med Int Health 11: 211–219.
-
5.
Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, 2008. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med 359: 2619–2620.
-
6.
Valderramos SG, Fidock DA, 2006. Transporters involved in resistance to antimalarial drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27: 594–601.
-
7.
Duraisingh MT, Cowman AF, 2005. Contribution of the pfmdr1 gene to antimalarial drug-resistance. Acta Trop 94: 181–190.
-
8.
Lim P, Alker AP, Khim N, Shah NK, Incardona S, Doung S, Yi P, Bouth DM, Bouchier C, Puijalon OM, Meshnick SR, Wongsrichanalai C, Fandeur T, Bras JL, Ringwald P, Ariey F, 2009. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malar J 8: 11–17.
-
9.
Alker AP, Lim P, Sem R, Shah NK, Yi P, Bouth DM, Tsuyuoka R, Maguire JD, Fandeur T, Ariey F, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2007. Pfmdr1 and in vivo resistance to artesunate-mefloquine in falciparum malaria on the Cambodian-Thai border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 641–647.
-
10.
Nelson AL, Purfield A, McDaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2005. Pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-Myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 586–592.
-
11.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 2004. Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increase pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet 364: 438–447.
-
12.
Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, Khim N, Lim P, Volney B, Ekala MT, Bouchier C, Esterre P, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Lancet 366: 1960–1963.
-
13.
Uhlemann AC, Cameron A, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Fischbarg J, Iserovich P, Zuniga FA, East M, Lee A, Brady L, Haynes RK, Krishna S, 2005. A single amino acid residue can determine the sensitivity of SERCAs to artemisinins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12: 628–629.
-
14.
Na-Bangchang K, Ruengweerayut R, Mahamad P, Ruengweerayut K, Chaijaroenkul W, 2010. Declining in efficacy of a three-day combination regimen of mefloquine-artesunate in a multi-drug resistance area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Malar J 9: 273–280.
-
15.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16.
Wooden J, Gould EE, Paul AT, Sibley CH, 1992. Plasmodium falciparum: a simple polymerase chain reaction method for differentiating strains. Exp Parasitol 75: 207–212.
-
17.
Ariey F, Chalvet W, Hommel D, Peneau C, Hulin A, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Duchemin JB, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, 1999. Plasmodium falciparum parasites in French Guiana: limited genetic diversity and high selfing rate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 978–985.
-
18.
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6: 861–871.
-
19.
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344: 257–263.
-
20.
Ferreira ID, Martinelli A, Rodrigues LA, do Carmo EL, do Rosário VE, Póvoa MM, Cravo P, 2008. Plasmodium falciparum from Para state (Brazil) shows satisfactory in vitro response to artemisinin derivatives and absence of the S769N mutation in the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Trop Med Int Health 13: 199–207.
-
21.
Ferreira ID, Rosario VE, Cravo PV, 2006. Real-time quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I detection for estimating copy numbers of nine drug resistance candidate genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 5: 1–8.
-
22.
Lin JT, Juliano JJ, Wongsrichanalai C, 2010. Drug-resistant malaria: the era of ACT. Curr Infect Dis Rep 12: 165–173.
-
23.
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298: 210–213.
-
24.
Lakshmanan V, Bray PG, Verdier-Pinard D, Johnson DJ, Horrocks P, Muhle RA, Alakpa GE, Hughes RH, Ward SA, Krogstad DJ, Sidhu AB, Fidock DA, 2005. A critical role for PfCRT K76T in Plasmodium falciparum verapamil-reversible chloroquine resistance. EMBO J 24: 2294–2305.
-
25.
Hall AP, Segal HE, Pearlman EJ, Phintuyothin P, Kosakal S, 1975. Amodiaquine resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 575–580.
-
26.
Malikul S, 1988. The current situation of anti-malaria programme in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 355–359.
-
27.
Karbwang J, Harinasuta T, 1992. Chemotherapy of Malaria in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: Ruamtassana Co.
-
28.
Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, Mukadam RA, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimdé AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2003. Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. J Infect Dis 187: 1870–1875.
-
29.
Mwai L, Ochong E, Abdirahman A, Kiara SM, Ward S, Kokwaro G, Sasi P, Marsh K, Borrmann S, Mackinnon M, Nzila A, 2009. Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya. Malar J 8: 106–112.
-
30.
Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2008. Declining artesunate-mefloquine efficacy against falciparum malaria on the Cambodia-Thailand border. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 716–719.
-
31.
Cooper RA, Hartwig CL, Ferdig MT, 2005. Pfcrt is more than the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance gene: a functional and evolutionary perspective. Acta Trop 94: 170–180.
-
32.
Mungthin M, Suwandittakul N, Chaijaroenkul W, Rungsrihirunrat K, Harnyuttanakorn P, Seugorn A, Na Bangchang K, 2010. The patterns of mutation and amplification of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in Thailand during the year 1988 to 2003. Parasitol Res 107: 539–545.
-
33.
Rungsihirunrat K, Chaijareonkul W, Seugorn A, Na-Bangchang K, Thaithong S, 2009. Association between chloroquine resistance phenotypes and point mutations in pfcrt and pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thailand. Acta Trop 109: 37–40.
-
34.
Chaijaroenkul W, Wisedpanichkij R, Na-Bangchang K, 2010. Monitoring of in vitro susceptibilities and molecular markers of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thai-Myanmar border to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine and artesunate. Acta Trop 113: 190–194.
-
35.
Bin Dajem SM, Al-Qahtani A, 2010. Analysis of gene mutations involved in chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from patients in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 30: 187–192.
-
36.
Daily JP, Roberts C, Thomas SM, Ndir O, Dieng T, Mboup S, Wirth DF, 2003. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt polymorphisms and in vitro chloroquine sensitivity in Senegal. Parasitology 126: 401–405.
-
37.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJ, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1570–1577.
-
38.
Rodrigues LA, Henriques G, Borges ST, Hunt P, Sanchez CP, Martinelli A, Cravo P, 2010. Experimental evolution of resistance to artemisinin combination therapy results in amplification of the mdr1 gene in a rodent malaria parasite. PLoS ONE 5: e11593.
-
39.
Ghanchi NK, Ursing J, Beg MA, Veiga MI, Jafri S, Mårtensson A, 2011. Prevalence of resistance associated polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from southern Pakistan. Malar J 10: 18–23.
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