ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2008. Annual Report of the Anti-Malaria Campaign 2008, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2008. Global Malaria Control and Elimination. Report of a Technical Review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2008. Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria 2008–2012, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
4.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2010. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Malaria Elimination from Sri Lanka, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
5.
Office of the Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition, General Circular Number 01-14/2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2002. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Malaria Infections. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
7.
Beck HP, 2002. Extraction and purification of Plasmodium parasite DNA. Doolan DL, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Malaria Methods and Protocols, vol. 72. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 159–163.
-
8.
Snounou G, Singh B, 2002. Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodium parasites. Doolan DL, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Malaria Methods and Protocols, vol. 72. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 189–203.
-
9.
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 66–78.
-
10.
Gama BE, Silva-Pires Fdo E, Lopes MN, Cardoso MA, Britto C, Torres KL, de Mendonça Lima L, de Souza JM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz Mde F, 2007. Real-time PCR versus conventional PCR for malaria parasite detection in low-grade parasitaemia. Exp Parasitol 116: 427–432.
-
11.
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 372–376.
-
12.
Safuikue I, Millet P, Boucher S, Melinard L, Fregeville F, Receveur MC, Pistone T, Fialon P, Vincendeau P, Fleury H, Malvy D, 2008. Evaluation of FRET real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Plasmodium species in returning travelers and migrants. Malar J 7: 70.
-
13.
Khainar K, Martin D, Lau R, Ralevski F, Pillai DR, 2009. Multiplex real-time quantitative PCR, microscopy and rapid diagnostic immuno-chromatographic tests for the detection of Plasmodium spp: performance, limit of detection analysis and quality assurance. Malar J 8: 284.
-
14.
Shokoples SE, Ndao M, Kowalewska-Grochowska K, Yanow SK, 2009. Multiplexed real time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections. J Clin Microbiol 47: 975–980.
-
15.
Brown AE, Kain KC, Pipithikul J, Webster HK, 1992. Demonstration by the polymerase chain reaction of mixed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections undetected by conventional microscopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 609–612.
-
16.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61: 315–320.
-
17.
Roper C, Elhassan IM, Hyiid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnote DE, 1996. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 325–331.
-
18.
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Rahman HA, 1996. Detection of malaria in Malaysia by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter papers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 519–521.
-
19.
Mockenhaupt FP, Ulmen U, von Gaertner C, Bedu-Addo G, Bienzle U, 2002. Diagnosis of placental malaria. J Clin Microbiol 40: 306–308.
-
20.
Giha HA, Elbasit IEA, Elgadir TMEA, Adam I, Berzins K, Elghazali G, Elbashir ML, 2005. Cerebral malaria is frequently associated with latent parasitaemia among the semi-immune population of eastern Sudan. Microbes Infect 7: 1196–1203.
-
21.
Mayor A, Serra-Casas E, Bardaji A, Sanz S, Puyol L, Cisteró P, Sigauque B, Mandomando I, Aponte JJ, Alonso PL, Menéndez C, 2009. Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women. Malar J 8: 9.
-
22.
Rajakaruna RS, Alifrangis M, Amarasinghe PH, Kondradsen F, 2010. Pre-elimination stage of malaria in Sri Lanka: assessing the level of hidden parasites in the population. Malar J 9: 25.
-
23.
Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GNL, Rajapaksa LC, 2009. Absence of asymptomatic malaria infections in previously highly endemic areas of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 763–767.
-
24.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Neil Brown K, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and the detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58: 283–292.
-
25.
Taylor SM, Juliano JJ, Trottman PA, Griffin JB, Landis SH, Kista P, Tshefu AK, Meshnick SR, 2010. High-throughput pooling and real-time PCR-based strategy for malaria detection. J Clin Microbiol 48: 512–519.
-
26.
Singh B, Bobogare A, Cox-Singh J, Snounou G, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, 1999. A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 687–692.
-
27.
Fracas GA, Soeller R, Zhong K, Zahirieh A, Kain KC, 2006. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and characterization of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in returned travelers. Clin Infect Dis 42: 622–627.
-
28.
Perandin F, Manca N, Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Galati L, Ricci L, Medici MC, Arcangeletti MC, Snounou G, Dettori G, Chezzi C, 2004. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale for routine clinical diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 1214–1219.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 147 | 123 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 266 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 7 | 1 |
Usefulness of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Supplement Field Microscopy in a Pre-Selected Population with a High Probability of Malaria Infections
W. M. Kumudunayana T. de A. W. Gunasekera
W. M. Kumudunayana T. de A. W. Gunasekera
National Anti-Malaria Campaign Headquarters, 555/5 Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe
Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe
National Anti-Malaria Campaign Headquarters, 555/5 Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Sunil Premawansa
Sunil Premawansa
National Anti-Malaria Campaign Headquarters, 555/5 Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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S. Deepika Fernando
S. Deepika Fernando
National Anti-Malaria Campaign Headquarters, 555/5 Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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This study determines the use of nested PCR as a diagnostic tool to supplement field microscopy in symptomatic individuals suspected of being positive for malaria, and it explores its role in active case detection to identify asymptomatic parasite carriers. In symptomatic individuals, compared with PCR, microscopy had a sensitivity of 86.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 77.8–92.4) and specificity of 100% (95% CI = 96.9–100). During active case detection, two asymptomatic persons were diagnosed as having vivax malaria by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but not microscopy. Currently, PCR is being carried out in Sri Lanka only for population surveys to estimate the hidden reservoir of malaria. Based on the results of this study and because of cost considerations, pooled PCR will be used in the future to screen samples from clinically suspected foci to increase the proportion of malaria cases detected. This strategy will assist the success of the malaria elimination program in Sri Lanka.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) under Grant SRL-102-G02-M-00.
Authors' addresses: W. M. Kumudunayana T. de A. W. Gunasekera and Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe, National Anti-Malaria Campaign, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mails: kumudunayana@yahoo.com and rabindraabeyasinghe@gmail.com. Sunil Premawansa, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: supre@zoology.cmb.ac.lk. S. Deepika Fernando, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: deepfern@slt.lk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2008. Annual Report of the Anti-Malaria Campaign 2008, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2008. Global Malaria Control and Elimination. Report of a Technical Review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2008. Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria 2008–2012, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
4.
Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2010. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Malaria Elimination from Sri Lanka, National Anti Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.
-
5.
Office of the Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition, General Circular Number 01-14/2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2002. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Malaria Infections. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
7.
Beck HP, 2002. Extraction and purification of Plasmodium parasite DNA. Doolan DL, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Malaria Methods and Protocols, vol. 72. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 159–163.
-
8.
Snounou G, Singh B, 2002. Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodium parasites. Doolan DL, ed. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Malaria Methods and Protocols, vol. 72. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 189–203.
-
9.
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 66–78.
-
10.
Gama BE, Silva-Pires Fdo E, Lopes MN, Cardoso MA, Britto C, Torres KL, de Mendonça Lima L, de Souza JM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz Mde F, 2007. Real-time PCR versus conventional PCR for malaria parasite detection in low-grade parasitaemia. Exp Parasitol 116: 427–432.
-
11.
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 372–376.
-
12.
Safuikue I, Millet P, Boucher S, Melinard L, Fregeville F, Receveur MC, Pistone T, Fialon P, Vincendeau P, Fleury H, Malvy D, 2008. Evaluation of FRET real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Plasmodium species in returning travelers and migrants. Malar J 7: 70.
-
13.
Khainar K, Martin D, Lau R, Ralevski F, Pillai DR, 2009. Multiplex real-time quantitative PCR, microscopy and rapid diagnostic immuno-chromatographic tests for the detection of Plasmodium spp: performance, limit of detection analysis and quality assurance. Malar J 8: 284.
-
14.
Shokoples SE, Ndao M, Kowalewska-Grochowska K, Yanow SK, 2009. Multiplexed real time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections. J Clin Microbiol 47: 975–980.
-
15.
Brown AE, Kain KC, Pipithikul J, Webster HK, 1992. Demonstration by the polymerase chain reaction of mixed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections undetected by conventional microscopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 609–612.
-
16.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61: 315–320.
-
17.
Roper C, Elhassan IM, Hyiid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnote DE, 1996. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 325–331.
-
18.
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Rahman HA, 1996. Detection of malaria in Malaysia by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter papers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 519–521.
-
19.
Mockenhaupt FP, Ulmen U, von Gaertner C, Bedu-Addo G, Bienzle U, 2002. Diagnosis of placental malaria. J Clin Microbiol 40: 306–308.
-
20.
Giha HA, Elbasit IEA, Elgadir TMEA, Adam I, Berzins K, Elghazali G, Elbashir ML, 2005. Cerebral malaria is frequently associated with latent parasitaemia among the semi-immune population of eastern Sudan. Microbes Infect 7: 1196–1203.
-
21.
Mayor A, Serra-Casas E, Bardaji A, Sanz S, Puyol L, Cisteró P, Sigauque B, Mandomando I, Aponte JJ, Alonso PL, Menéndez C, 2009. Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women. Malar J 8: 9.
-
22.
Rajakaruna RS, Alifrangis M, Amarasinghe PH, Kondradsen F, 2010. Pre-elimination stage of malaria in Sri Lanka: assessing the level of hidden parasites in the population. Malar J 9: 25.
-
23.
Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GNL, Rajapaksa LC, 2009. Absence of asymptomatic malaria infections in previously highly endemic areas of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 763–767.
-
24.
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Neil Brown K, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and the detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58: 283–292.
-
25.
Taylor SM, Juliano JJ, Trottman PA, Griffin JB, Landis SH, Kista P, Tshefu AK, Meshnick SR, 2010. High-throughput pooling and real-time PCR-based strategy for malaria detection. J Clin Microbiol 48: 512–519.
-
26.
Singh B, Bobogare A, Cox-Singh J, Snounou G, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, 1999. A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 687–692.
-
27.
Fracas GA, Soeller R, Zhong K, Zahirieh A, Kain KC, 2006. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and characterization of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in returned travelers. Clin Infect Dis 42: 622–627.
-
28.
Perandin F, Manca N, Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Galati L, Ricci L, Medici MC, Arcangeletti MC, Snounou G, Dettori G, Chezzi C, 2004. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale for routine clinical diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 1214–1219.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 147 | 123 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 266 | 7 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 7 | 1 |