- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study site.
- Patient recruitment, sampling, and case definitions.
- Microbiologic culture and bacterial identification.
- Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing.
- Laboratory isolates.
- DNA extraction from bacteria and CSF.
- Real-time PCR to detect S. pneumoniae in CSF.
- Development of molecular capsular typing by using real-time PCR.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization WHO, 2003. WHO-Recommended Standards for Surveillance of Selected Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Vaccine Assessment and Monitoring Team of the Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/843.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2009.
-
2.
Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Farley MM, Jorgensen JH, Lexau CA, Petit S, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Whitney CG, Harrison LH, 2009. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 360: 244–256.
-
3.
Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A, 2003. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 348: 1737–1746.
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Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Obaro SK, Leach A, McAdam KP, Biney E, Saaka M, Onwuchekwa U, Yallop F, Pierce NF, Greenwood BM, Adegbola RA, 2005. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365: 1139–1146.
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Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N, 2003. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 349: 1341–1348.
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Scott JA, 2007. The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine 25: 2398–2405.
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Grijalva CG, Edwards KM, 2006. Promises and challenges of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for the developing world. Clin Infect Dis 43: 680–682.
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Lucero MG, Nohynek H, Williams G, Tallo V, Simoes EA, Lupisan S, Sanvictores D, Forsyth S, Puumalainen T, Ugpo J, Lechago M, de Campo M, Abucejo-Ladesma E, Sombrero L, Nissinen A, Soininen A, Ruutu P, Riley I, Makela HP, 2009. Efficacy of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically confirmed pneumonia among children less than 2 years of age in the Philippines: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28: 455–462.
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Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 30: 100–121.
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Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Kloek C, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. The contribution of specific pneumococcal serogroups to different disease manifestations: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part II. Clin Infect Dis 30: 122–140.
-
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UNICEF, 2007. UNICEF Website Demographics; At a Glance: Lao People's Democratic Republic. Statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/laopdr_statistics.html. Accessed June 20, 2009.
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Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Soukaloun D, Rasachak B, Soukhaseum V, Soukhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Khounnorath S, Pengdee B, Phiasakha K, Chu V, Luangxay K, Rattanavong S, Sisouk K, Keolouangkot V, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Blacksell SD, Campbell J, Martinez-Aussel B, Heuanvongsy M, Bounxouei B, Thammavong C, Syhavong B, Strobel M, Peacock SJ, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Causes of community-acquired bacteremia and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Vientiane, Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 978–985.
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Carvalho Mda G, Tondella ML, McCaustland K, Weidlich L, McGee L, Mayer LW, Steigerwalt A, Whaley M, Facklam RR, Fields B, Carlone G, Ades EW, Dagan R, Sampson JS, 2007. Evaluation and improvement of real-time PCR assays targeting lytA, ply, and psaA genes for detection of pneumococcal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2460–2466.
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Ikejima H, Haranaga S, Takemura H, Kamo T, Takahashi Y, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y, 2001. PCR-based method for isolation and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 499–502.
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Enhanced Determination of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Associated with Invasive Disease in Laos by Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Serotyping Assay with Cerebrospinal Fluid
Catrin E. Moore
Catrin E. Moore
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Amphone Sengduangphachanh
Amphone Sengduangphachanh
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Thaksinaporn Thaojaikong
Thaksinaporn Thaojaikong
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Joy Sirisouk
Joy Sirisouk
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Dona Foster
Dona Foster
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh
Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lesley McGee
Lesley McGee
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Derrick W. Crook
Derrick W. Crook
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Paul N. Newton
Paul N. Newton
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sharon J. Peacock
Sharon J. Peacock
Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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A prospective hospital-based study was undertaken to define the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and circulating serotypes in Laos. Of 10,799 patients with hemocultures and 353 patients with cerebrospinal fluid samples, 0.21% and 5.4%, respectively, were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, giving a total of 35 IPD patients. We developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect serotypes represented in the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. A blinded evaluation comparing serotype as defined by the Quellung reaction versus the polymerase chain reaction demonstrated 100% concordance. The most frequent serotype (n = 33 patients) was 1 (n = 6), followed by serotypes 5, 6A/B/C, 14, and 23F. Serotypes represented in the 7-valent polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) infected 39% of patients, with 73% coverage for the PCV-10 and PCV-13 vaccines. Although the sample size is small, these data suggest that the PCV-7 vaccine may have relatively low efficacy in Laos. Further studies are urgently needed to guide pneumococcal vaccine policy in Laos.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain. Derrick W. Crook is supported by the National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom.
Authors' addresses: Catrin E. Moore, Amphone Sengduangprachan, Thaksinaporn Taojaikong, Joy Sirisouk, Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh, and Paul N. Newton, Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, E-mails: catrin@tropmedres.ac, ampk9@live.com, im@tropmedres.ac, joy@tropmedres.ac, rattanaphone@tropmedres.ac, and paul@tropmedres.ac. Dona Foster and Derrick W. Crook, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom, E-mails: Dona.Foster@ndm.ox.ac.uk and Derrick.Crook@ndcls.ox.ac.uk. Lesley McGee, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: lmcgee@cdc.gov. Sharon J. Peacock, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, E-mail: sp10@sanger.ac.uk.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study site.
- Patient recruitment, sampling, and case definitions.
- Microbiologic culture and bacterial identification.
- Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing.
- Laboratory isolates.
- DNA extraction from bacteria and CSF.
- Real-time PCR to detect S. pneumoniae in CSF.
- Development of molecular capsular typing by using real-time PCR.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization WHO, 2003. WHO-Recommended Standards for Surveillance of Selected Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Vaccine Assessment and Monitoring Team of the Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/843.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2009.
-
2.
Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Farley MM, Jorgensen JH, Lexau CA, Petit S, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Whitney CG, Harrison LH, 2009. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 360: 244–256.
-
3.
Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A, 2003. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 348: 1737–1746.
-
4.
Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Obaro SK, Leach A, McAdam KP, Biney E, Saaka M, Onwuchekwa U, Yallop F, Pierce NF, Greenwood BM, Adegbola RA, 2005. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365: 1139–1146.
-
5.
Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N, 2003. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 349: 1341–1348.
-
6.
Scott JA, 2007. The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine 25: 2398–2405.
-
7.
Grijalva CG, Edwards KM, 2006. Promises and challenges of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for the developing world. Clin Infect Dis 43: 680–682.
-
8.
Lucero MG, Nohynek H, Williams G, Tallo V, Simoes EA, Lupisan S, Sanvictores D, Forsyth S, Puumalainen T, Ugpo J, Lechago M, de Campo M, Abucejo-Ladesma E, Sombrero L, Nissinen A, Soininen A, Ruutu P, Riley I, Makela HP, 2009. Efficacy of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically confirmed pneumonia among children less than 2 years of age in the Philippines: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28: 455–462.
-
9.
Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 30: 100–121.
-
10.
Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Kloek C, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. The contribution of specific pneumococcal serogroups to different disease manifestations: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part II. Clin Infect Dis 30: 122–140.
-
11.
UNICEF, 2007. UNICEF Website Demographics; At a Glance: Lao People's Democratic Republic. Statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/laopdr_statistics.html. Accessed June 20, 2009.
-
12.
Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Soukaloun D, Rasachak B, Soukhaseum V, Soukhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Khounnorath S, Pengdee B, Phiasakha K, Chu V, Luangxay K, Rattanavong S, Sisouk K, Keolouangkot V, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Blacksell SD, Campbell J, Martinez-Aussel B, Heuanvongsy M, Bounxouei B, Thammavong C, Syhavong B, Strobel M, Peacock SJ, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Causes of community-acquired bacteremia and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Vientiane, Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 978–985.
-
13.
Carvalho Mda G, Tondella ML, McCaustland K, Weidlich L, McGee L, Mayer LW, Steigerwalt A, Whaley M, Facklam RR, Fields B, Carlone G, Ades EW, Dagan R, Sampson JS, 2007. Evaluation and improvement of real-time PCR assays targeting lytA, ply, and psaA genes for detection of pneumococcal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2460–2466.
-
14.
Cheeseborough M, 2006. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Volume 2. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
-
15.
Austrian R, 1976. The quellung reaction, a neglected microbiologic technique. Mt Sinai J Med 43: 699–709.
-
16.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard, Tenth Edition. Approved Standard M02-A10. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
17.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Nineteenth International (Supplement): M100–S19. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
18.
Ikejima H, Haranaga S, Takemura H, Kamo T, Takahashi Y, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y, 2001. PCR-based method for isolation and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 499–502.
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