- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study area.
- Hyraxes.
- Human patients.
- Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting.
- DNA extraction.
- Internal transcribed spacer 1 polymerase chain reaction.
- Kinetoplast DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction conditions.
- Kinetoplast DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction sensitivity.
- Phylogenetic analyses.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Jaffe CL, Baneth G, Abdeen ZA, Schlein Y, Warburg A, 2004. Leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Trends Parasitol 20: 328–332.
-
2.
Saliba E, Saleh N, Bisharat Z, Oumeish O, Khoury S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, 1993. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 633.
-
3.
Kamhawi S, Abdel-Hafez SK, Arbagi A, 1995. A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in northern Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 255–257.
-
4.
Saliba EK, Saleh N, Oumeish OY, Khoury S, Bisharat Z, al-Ouran R, 1997. The endemicity of Leishmania tropica (zymodeme MON-137) in the Eira-Yarqa area of Salt District, Jordan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91: 453–459.
-
5.
Klaus S, Frankenburg S, 1999. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East. Clin Dermatol 17: 137–141.
-
6.
Anis E, Leventhal A, Elkana Y, Wilamowski A, Pener H, 2001. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel in the era of changing environment. Public Health Rev 29: 37–47.
-
7.
Jacobson RL, Eisenberger CL, Svobodova M, Baneth G, Sztern J, Carvalho J, Nasereddin A, El Fari M, Shalom U, Volf P, Votypka J, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Schonian G, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Warburg A, 2003. Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel. J Infect Dis 188: 1065–1073.
-
8.
Al-Jawabreh A, Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Schwenkenbecher JM, Abdeen Z, Barghuthy F, Khanfar H, Presber W, Schönian G, 2004. The recent emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A'riha) and its environs, a classical focus of L. major. Trop Med Int Health 9: 812–816.
-
9.
Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Eisenberger CL, Jaffe CL, El Fari M, Kifaya A, Anders G, Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Kanaan M, Grossman T, Jacobson RL, Schonian G, Warburg A, 2004. Multifarious characterization of Leishmania tropica from a Judean desert focus, exposing intraspecific diversity and incriminating phlebotomus sergenti as its vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 364–372.
-
10.
Shani-Adir A, Kamil S, Rozenman D, Schwartz E, Ramon M, Zalman L, Nasereddin A, Jaffe CL, Ephros M, 2005. Leishmania tropica in northern Israel: a clinical overview of an emerging focus. J Am Acad Dermatol 53: 810–815.
-
11.
Singer SR, Abramson N, Shoob H, Zaken O, Zentner G, Stein-Zamir C, 2008. Ecoepidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1424–1426.
-
12.
Svobodova M, Volf P, Votypka J, 2006. Experimental transmission of Leishmania tropica to hyraxes (Procavia capensis) by the bite of Phlebotomus arabicus. Microbes Infect 8: 1691–1694.
-
13.
Meltzer A, Livneh M, 1982. The Rock Hyrax. Tel Aviv: Massada Publishing, 81.
-
14.
Ashford RW, 1996. Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control. Clin Dermatol 14: 523–532.
-
15.
Ashford RW, 2000. The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 30: 1269–1281.
-
16.
Schonian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig HD, Presber W, Jaffe CL, 2003. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47: 349–358.
-
17.
Talmi-Frank D, Strauss-Ayali D, Jaffe CL, Baneth G, 2006. Kinetics, diagnostic and prognostic potential of quantitative western blot analysis and antigen-specific ELISA in experimental canine leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 271–276.
-
18.
Talmi-Frank D, Jaffe CL, Baneth G, 2009. Quantitative computerized western blotting. Scofiled RH, Kurien B, eds. Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 536:103–113.
-
19.
Straubinger RK, 2000. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2191–2199.
-
20.
Nicolas L, Milon G, Prina E, 2002. Rapid differentiation of Old World Leishmania species by LightCycler polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis. J Microbiol Methods 51: 295–299.
-
21.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
-
22.
Hasegawa M, Kishino H, 1989. Heterogeneity of tempo and mode of mitochondrial DNA evolution among mammalian orders. Jpn J Genet 64: 243–258.
-
23.
Kumar S, 1996. Patterns of nucleotide substitution in mitochondrial protein coding genes of vertebrates. Genetics 143: 537–548.
-
24.
Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM, 1996. Phylogenetic inference. Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds. Molecular Systematics, Second edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 407–514.
-
25.
Svobodova M, Votypka J, Peckova J, Dvorak V, Nasereddin A, Baneth G, Sztern J, Kravchenko V, Orr A, Meir D, Schnur LF, Volf P, Warburg A, 2006. Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, northern Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1860–1868.
-
26.
Bensoussan E, Nasereddin A, Jonas F, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, 2006. Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1435–1459.
-
27.
Charles M, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H, 2004. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5249–5255.
-
28.
Francino O, Altet L, Sánchez-Robert E, Rodriguez A, Solano-Gallego L, Alberola J, Sánchez A, Roura X, 2006. Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 137: 214–221.
-
29.
Rajesh K, Ram A, Nasim A, Rajesh D, Poonam S, 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Bikaner India: parasite identification and characterization using molecular immunologic tools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 896–901.
-
30.
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Johnson SC, Gasser RA, 1994. Visceral infection due to Leishmania tropica in a veteran of Operation Desert Storm who presented 2 years after leaving Saudi Arabia. Clin Infect Dis 19: 805–806.
-
31.
Sacks DL, Kenney RT, Kreutzer RD, Jaffe CL, Gupta AK, Sharma MC, Sinha SP, Neva FA, Saran R, 1995. Indian kala-azar caused by Leishmania tropica. Lancet 345: 959–961.
-
32.
Guessous-Idrissi N, Berrag B, Riyad M, Sahibi H, Bichichi M, Rhalem A, 1997. Leishmania tropica: etiologic agent of a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 172–173.
-
33.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L, 2001. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 39: 560–563.
-
34.
Oliva G, Scalone A, Foglia Manzillo V, Gramiccia M, Pagano A, Di Muccio T, Gradoni L, 2006. Incidence and time course of Leishmania infantum infections examined by parasitological, serologic, and nested-PCR techniques in a cohort of naive dogs exposed to three consecutive transmission seasons. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1318–1322.
-
35.
Riera C, Fisa R, López-Chejade P, Serra T, Girona E, Jiménez M, Muncunill J, Sedeño M, Mascaró M, Udina M, Gállego M, Carrió J, Forteza A, Portús M, 2008. Asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in blood donors from the Balearic Islands (Spain). Transfusion 48: 1383–1389.
-
36.
Berlin D, Loeb E, Baneth G, 2009. Disseminated central nervous system disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a horse. Vet Parasitol 161: 316–319.
-
37.
Zeyrek FY, Korkmaz M, Ozbel Y, 2007. Serodiagnosis of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, where ACL is highly endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1409–1415.
-
38.
Njiokou F, Simo G, Nkinin SW, Laveissière C, Herder S, 2004. Infection rate of Trypanosoma brucei s.l., T. vivax, T. congolense “forest type”, and T. simiae in small wild vertebrates in south Cameroon. Acta Trop 92: 139–146.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 200 | 161 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 469 | 25 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 155 | 23 | 0 |
Leishmania tropica in Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a Focus of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Dalit Talmi-Frank
Dalit Talmi-Frank
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Dalit Talmi-Frank in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Dalit Talmi-Frank in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Charles L. Jaffe
Charles L. Jaffe
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Charles L. Jaffe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Charles L. Jaffe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abedelmajeed Nasereddin
Abedelmajeed Nasereddin
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Abedelmajeed Nasereddin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Abedelmajeed Nasereddin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Alon Warburg
Alon Warburg
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Alon Warburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alon Warburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Roni King
Roni King
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Roni King in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Roni King in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Milena Svobodova
Milena Svobodova
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Milena Svobodova in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Milena Svobodova in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ofer Peleg
Ofer Peleg
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Ofer Peleg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ofer Peleg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Gad Baneth
Gad Baneth
School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority; Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
Search for other papers by Gad Baneth in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gad Baneth in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania tropica, has recently emerged in urban and rural foci of central and northern Israel, and constitutes a major public health concern. Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), the suspected natural reservoir, were trapped in the cutaneous leishmaniasis urban focus of Maale Adumim in central Israel and evaluated for L. tropica infection by real-time kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Real-time PCR on blood and computerized western blot serology analysis was positive for L. tropica in 58% and 80%, respectively, of the hyraxes tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region indicated that similar genotypes were present in humans and hyraxes from the same habitat. The high rates of infection and exposure to L. tropica among hyraxes supports their involvement in the transmission cycle of this parasite, and their potential role as a reservoir for human disease.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Dalit Talmi-Frank and Gad Baneth, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel, E-mails: Talmi@agri.huji.ac.il and Baneth@agri.huji.ac.il. Charles L. Jaffe, Abedelmajeed Nasereddin, and Alon Warburg, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, E-mails: cjaffe@cc.huji.ac.il, abdelmaj.naseredeen@mail.huji.ac.il, and alonw@ekmd.huji.ac.il. Roni King, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel, E-mail: king@npa.org.il. Milena Svobodova, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, E-mail: milena@natur.cuni.cz. Abedelmajeed Nasereddin, Center for Health Research, Al Quds University, Abu Deis, Palestinian Authority. Ofer Peleg, Genaphora Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel, E-mail: ofer.peleg@gmail.com.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study area.
- Hyraxes.
- Human patients.
- Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting.
- DNA extraction.
- Internal transcribed spacer 1 polymerase chain reaction.
- Kinetoplast DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction conditions.
- Kinetoplast DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction sensitivity.
- Phylogenetic analyses.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Jaffe CL, Baneth G, Abdeen ZA, Schlein Y, Warburg A, 2004. Leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Trends Parasitol 20: 328–332.
-
2.
Saliba E, Saleh N, Bisharat Z, Oumeish O, Khoury S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, 1993. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 633.
-
3.
Kamhawi S, Abdel-Hafez SK, Arbagi A, 1995. A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in northern Jordan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 255–257.
-
4.
Saliba EK, Saleh N, Oumeish OY, Khoury S, Bisharat Z, al-Ouran R, 1997. The endemicity of Leishmania tropica (zymodeme MON-137) in the Eira-Yarqa area of Salt District, Jordan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91: 453–459.
-
5.
Klaus S, Frankenburg S, 1999. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East. Clin Dermatol 17: 137–141.
-
6.
Anis E, Leventhal A, Elkana Y, Wilamowski A, Pener H, 2001. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel in the era of changing environment. Public Health Rev 29: 37–47.
-
7.
Jacobson RL, Eisenberger CL, Svobodova M, Baneth G, Sztern J, Carvalho J, Nasereddin A, El Fari M, Shalom U, Volf P, Votypka J, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Schonian G, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Warburg A, 2003. Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel. J Infect Dis 188: 1065–1073.
-
8.
Al-Jawabreh A, Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Schwenkenbecher JM, Abdeen Z, Barghuthy F, Khanfar H, Presber W, Schönian G, 2004. The recent emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A'riha) and its environs, a classical focus of L. major. Trop Med Int Health 9: 812–816.
-
9.
Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Eisenberger CL, Jaffe CL, El Fari M, Kifaya A, Anders G, Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Kanaan M, Grossman T, Jacobson RL, Schonian G, Warburg A, 2004. Multifarious characterization of Leishmania tropica from a Judean desert focus, exposing intraspecific diversity and incriminating phlebotomus sergenti as its vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 364–372.
-
10.
Shani-Adir A, Kamil S, Rozenman D, Schwartz E, Ramon M, Zalman L, Nasereddin A, Jaffe CL, Ephros M, 2005. Leishmania tropica in northern Israel: a clinical overview of an emerging focus. J Am Acad Dermatol 53: 810–815.
-
11.
Singer SR, Abramson N, Shoob H, Zaken O, Zentner G, Stein-Zamir C, 2008. Ecoepidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1424–1426.
-
12.
Svobodova M, Volf P, Votypka J, 2006. Experimental transmission of Leishmania tropica to hyraxes (Procavia capensis) by the bite of Phlebotomus arabicus. Microbes Infect 8: 1691–1694.
-
13.
Meltzer A, Livneh M, 1982. The Rock Hyrax. Tel Aviv: Massada Publishing, 81.
-
14.
Ashford RW, 1996. Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control. Clin Dermatol 14: 523–532.
-
15.
Ashford RW, 2000. The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 30: 1269–1281.
-
16.
Schonian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig HD, Presber W, Jaffe CL, 2003. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47: 349–358.
-
17.
Talmi-Frank D, Strauss-Ayali D, Jaffe CL, Baneth G, 2006. Kinetics, diagnostic and prognostic potential of quantitative western blot analysis and antigen-specific ELISA in experimental canine leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 271–276.
-
18.
Talmi-Frank D, Jaffe CL, Baneth G, 2009. Quantitative computerized western blotting. Scofiled RH, Kurien B, eds. Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 536:103–113.
-
19.
Straubinger RK, 2000. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2191–2199.
-
20.
Nicolas L, Milon G, Prina E, 2002. Rapid differentiation of Old World Leishmania species by LightCycler polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis. J Microbiol Methods 51: 295–299.
-
21.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
-
22.
Hasegawa M, Kishino H, 1989. Heterogeneity of tempo and mode of mitochondrial DNA evolution among mammalian orders. Jpn J Genet 64: 243–258.
-
23.
Kumar S, 1996. Patterns of nucleotide substitution in mitochondrial protein coding genes of vertebrates. Genetics 143: 537–548.
-
24.
Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM, 1996. Phylogenetic inference. Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds. Molecular Systematics, Second edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 407–514.
-
25.
Svobodova M, Votypka J, Peckova J, Dvorak V, Nasereddin A, Baneth G, Sztern J, Kravchenko V, Orr A, Meir D, Schnur LF, Volf P, Warburg A, 2006. Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, northern Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1860–1868.
-
26.
Bensoussan E, Nasereddin A, Jonas F, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, 2006. Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1435–1459.
-
27.
Charles M, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H, 2004. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5249–5255.
-
28.
Francino O, Altet L, Sánchez-Robert E, Rodriguez A, Solano-Gallego L, Alberola J, Sánchez A, Roura X, 2006. Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 137: 214–221.
-
29.
Rajesh K, Ram A, Nasim A, Rajesh D, Poonam S, 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Bikaner India: parasite identification and characterization using molecular immunologic tools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 896–901.
-
30.
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Johnson SC, Gasser RA, 1994. Visceral infection due to Leishmania tropica in a veteran of Operation Desert Storm who presented 2 years after leaving Saudi Arabia. Clin Infect Dis 19: 805–806.
-
31.
Sacks DL, Kenney RT, Kreutzer RD, Jaffe CL, Gupta AK, Sharma MC, Sinha SP, Neva FA, Saran R, 1995. Indian kala-azar caused by Leishmania tropica. Lancet 345: 959–961.
-
32.
Guessous-Idrissi N, Berrag B, Riyad M, Sahibi H, Bichichi M, Rhalem A, 1997. Leishmania tropica: etiologic agent of a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 172–173.
-
33.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer L, 2001. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 39: 560–563.
-
34.
Oliva G, Scalone A, Foglia Manzillo V, Gramiccia M, Pagano A, Di Muccio T, Gradoni L, 2006. Incidence and time course of Leishmania infantum infections examined by parasitological, serologic, and nested-PCR techniques in a cohort of naive dogs exposed to three consecutive transmission seasons. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1318–1322.
-
35.
Riera C, Fisa R, López-Chejade P, Serra T, Girona E, Jiménez M, Muncunill J, Sedeño M, Mascaró M, Udina M, Gállego M, Carrió J, Forteza A, Portús M, 2008. Asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in blood donors from the Balearic Islands (Spain). Transfusion 48: 1383–1389.
-
36.
Berlin D, Loeb E, Baneth G, 2009. Disseminated central nervous system disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a horse. Vet Parasitol 161: 316–319.
-
37.
Zeyrek FY, Korkmaz M, Ozbel Y, 2007. Serodiagnosis of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, where ACL is highly endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1409–1415.
-
38.
Njiokou F, Simo G, Nkinin SW, Laveissière C, Herder S, 2004. Infection rate of Trypanosoma brucei s.l., T. vivax, T. congolense “forest type”, and T. simiae in small wild vertebrates in south Cameroon. Acta Trop 92: 139–146.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 200 | 161 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 469 | 25 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 155 | 23 | 0 |