ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Koopmans M, Vinjé J, de Wit M, Leenen I, van der Poel W, van Duynhoven Y, 2000. Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. J Infect Dis 181: S262–S269.
-
2.
CDC, 2007. Norovirus activity–United States, 2006–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 842–846.
-
3.
Khanna N, Goldenberger D, Graber P, Battegay M, Widmer AF, 2003. Gastroenteritis outbreak with norovirus in a Swiss university hospital with a newly identified virus strain. J Hosp Infect 55: 131–136.
-
4.
Drinka PJ, 2005. Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1839–1840.
-
5.
Morioka S, Sakata T, Tamaki A, Shioji T, Funaki A, Yamamoto Y, Naka H, Terasoma F, Imai K, Matsuo K, 2006. A food-borne norovirus outbreak at a primary school in Wakayama prefecture. Jpn J Infect Dis 59: 205–207.
-
6.
Fankhauser RL, Noel JS, Monroe SS, Ando T, Glass RI, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. J Infect Dis 178: 1571–1578.
-
7.
Gomes KA, Stupka JA, Gómez J, Parra GI, 2007. Molecular characterization of calicivirus strains detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Argentina. J Med Virol 79: 1703–1709.
-
8.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV, 1999. Food-related illness and deaths in the United State. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 607–625.
-
9.
Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Lobue AD, Cannon JL, Zheng DP, Vinje J, Baric RS, 2008. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 5: 269–290.
-
10.
Tayeb HT, Dela Cruz DM, Al-Qahtani A, Al-Ahdal MN, Carter MJ, 2008. Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 80: 1919–1929.
-
11.
Turcios-Ruiz RM, Axelrod P, St John K, Bullitt E, Donahue J, Robinson N, Friss HE, 2008. Outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by norovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr 153: 339–344.
-
12.
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, 2009. Available at: www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s3582/200906/41164.htm.
-
13.
Silva PA, Stark K, Mockenhaupt FP, Reither K, Weitzel T, Ignatius R, Saad E, Seidu-Korkor A, Bienzle U, Schreier E, 2008. Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana. J Med Virol 80: 1790–1798.
-
14.
Malasao R, Maneekarn N, Khamrin P, Pantip C, Tonusin S, Ushijima H, Peerakome S, 2008. Genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Med Virol 80: 1949–1955.
-
15.
Soares CC, Santos N, Beard RS, Albuquerque MC, Maranhão AG, Rocha LN, Ramírez ML, Monroe SS, Glass RI, Gentsch J, 2007. Norovirus detection and gentyping for children with gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1244–1246.
-
16.
Widdowson MA, Cramer EH, Hadley L, Bresee JS, Beard RS, Bulens SN, Charles M, Chege W, Isakbaeva E, Wright JG, Mintz E, Forney D, Massey J, Glass RI, Monroe SS, 2004. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus–United States, 2002. J Infect Dis 190: 27–36.
-
17.
White PA, Hansman GS, Li A, Dable J, Isaacs M, Ferson M, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, 2002. Norwalk-like virus 95/96-US, strain is a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia. J Med Virol 68: 113–118.
-
18.
Lopman B, Vennema H, Kohli E, Pothier P, Sanchez A, Negredo A, Buesa J, Schreier E, Reacher M, Brown D, Gray J, Iturriza M, Gallimore C, Bottiger B, Hedlund KO, Torvén M, von Bonsdorff CH, Maunula L, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Zimsek J, Reuter G, Szücs G, Melegh B, Svennson L, van Duijnhoven Y, Koopmans M, 2004. Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreak in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 363: 682–688.
-
19.
Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA, 2008. Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b. Clin Infect Dis 46: 413–420.
-
20.
Pang XL, Preiksaitis JK, Lee B, 2005. Multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitation of norovirus genogroups I and II in patients with acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 33: 168–171.
-
21.
Jin Y, Cheng WX, Yang XM, Jin M, Zhang Q, Xu ZQ, Yu JM, Zhu L, Yang SH, Liu N, Cui SX, Fang ZY, Duan ZJ, 2009. Viral agents associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Lanzhou, China. J Clin Virol 44: 238–241.
-
22.
Chen SY, Tsai CN, Lai MW, Chen CY, Lin KL, Lin TY, Chiu CH, 2009. Norovirus infection as a cause of diarrhea-associated benign infantile seizures. Clin Infect Dis 48: 849–855.
-
23.
Jin M, Hua-ping X, Zhao-jun D, Liu N, Zhang Q, Bing-shan W, Hui-ying L, Wei-xia C, Su-hua Y, Jie-mei Y, Zi-qian X, Shu-xian C, Zhu L, Tan M, Jiang X, Zhao-yin F, 2008. Emergence of the GII4/2006 variant and recombinant noroviruses in China. J Med Virol 80: 1997–2004.
-
24.
Yan H, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Ushijima H, 2003. Detection of norovirus (GI,GII), Sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods 114: 37–44.
-
25.
Foley B, O'Mahony J, Hill C, Morgan JG, 2001. Molecular detection and sequencing of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Ireland. J Med Virol 65: 388–394.
-
26.
Amar CF, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA, McLauchlin J, 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993–1996). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 311–323.
-
27.
Froggatt PC, Barry Vipond I, Ashley CR, Lambden PR, Clarke IN, Caul EO, 2004. Surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during one winter season (1999–2000). J Med Virol 72: 307–311.
-
28.
Mladenova Z, Korsun N, Geonova T, Di Bartolo I, Fiore L, Ruggeri FMNorovirus Study Group, 2008. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in outbreak and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Bulgaria. J Med Virol 80: 2161–2168.
-
29.
Fankhauser RL, Monroe SS, Noel JS, Humphrey CD, Bresee JS, Parashar UD, Ando T, Glass RI, 2002. Epidemiologic and molecular trends of “Norwalk-like viruses” associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Unites States. J Infect Dis 186: 1–7.
-
30.
Lee BE, Preiksaitis JK, Chui N, Chui L, Pang XL, 2008. Genetic relatedness of noroviruses identified in sporadic gastroenteritis in children and gastroenteritis outbreaks in Northern Alberta. J Med Virol 80: 330–337.
-
31.
Phan TG, Yan H, Li Y, Okitsu S, Müller WE, Ushijima H, 2006. Novel recombinant norovirus in China. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 857–858.
-
32.
Guo L, Song J, Xu X, Ren L, Li J, Zhou H, Wang M, Qu J, Wang J, Hung T, 2009. Genetic analysis of norovirus in children affected with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, 2004–2007. J Clin Virol 44: 94–98.
-
33.
Bull RA, Hansman GS, Clancy LE, Tanaka MM, Rawlinson WD, White PA, 2005. Norovirus recombination in ORF1/ORF2 overlap. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1079–1085.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 795 | 737 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 327 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 14 | 0 |
Identification of Norovirus as the Top Enteric Viruses Detected in Adult Cases with Acute Gastroenteritis
Li-Juan Liu
Li-Juan Liu
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wei Liu
Wei Liu
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yun-Xi Liu
Yun-Xi Liu
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hong-Jv Xiao
Hong-Jv Xiao
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Ning Jia
Ning Jia
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Gang Liu
Gang Liu
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yi-Gang Tong
Yi-Gang Tong
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wu-Chun Cao
Wu-Chun Cao
Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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To elucidate the importance of the norovirus and other enteric viruses, and the difference of the genetic relatedness on norovirus between the outbreak and sporadic cases, a total of 557 stool samples, consisting of 503 sporadic cases and 54 samples of 4 outbreaks were collected and tested for norovirus and other enteric viruses in Beijing, China, July 2007–June 2008. The data showed norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, were detected in 26.6%, 6.1%, 1.8%, and 0.5%, respectively. Norovirus was detected almost throughout the surveillance period, norovirus co-infecting with rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus, respectively, were identified both in outbreak and the sporadic cases. GII.4/2006 was identified as the predominant strain circulating both in outbreak and sporadic cases. The results showed that norovirus was rather the important agent than other enteric viruses affected adults with acute gastroenteritis; no significant genetic relatedness of the dominant strains was found between the outbreak and sporadic cases.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study is supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Scholars of PR China (no. 30725032), National Nature and Science Foundation of the People's Republic of China (no. 30872150), and Special Grant for the Prevention and Control of Infection Diseases (no. 2009ZX10004-204).
Authors' addresses: Li-Juan Liu, Wei Liu, and Wu-Chun Cao, Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China, E-mail: caowc@nic.bmi.ac.cn. Yun-Xi Liu and Ning Jia, Department of the Hospital Infection Management and Control, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China. Hong-Jv Xiao, Diarrhea Clinic, Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China. Yi-Gang Tong, Department of Pathogenic Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Koopmans M, Vinjé J, de Wit M, Leenen I, van der Poel W, van Duynhoven Y, 2000. Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. J Infect Dis 181: S262–S269.
-
2.
CDC, 2007. Norovirus activity–United States, 2006–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 842–846.
-
3.
Khanna N, Goldenberger D, Graber P, Battegay M, Widmer AF, 2003. Gastroenteritis outbreak with norovirus in a Swiss university hospital with a newly identified virus strain. J Hosp Infect 55: 131–136.
-
4.
Drinka PJ, 2005. Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1839–1840.
-
5.
Morioka S, Sakata T, Tamaki A, Shioji T, Funaki A, Yamamoto Y, Naka H, Terasoma F, Imai K, Matsuo K, 2006. A food-borne norovirus outbreak at a primary school in Wakayama prefecture. Jpn J Infect Dis 59: 205–207.
-
6.
Fankhauser RL, Noel JS, Monroe SS, Ando T, Glass RI, 1998. Molecular epidemiology of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. J Infect Dis 178: 1571–1578.
-
7.
Gomes KA, Stupka JA, Gómez J, Parra GI, 2007. Molecular characterization of calicivirus strains detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Argentina. J Med Virol 79: 1703–1709.
-
8.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV, 1999. Food-related illness and deaths in the United State. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 607–625.
-
9.
Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Lobue AD, Cannon JL, Zheng DP, Vinje J, Baric RS, 2008. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 5: 269–290.
-
10.
Tayeb HT, Dela Cruz DM, Al-Qahtani A, Al-Ahdal MN, Carter MJ, 2008. Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 80: 1919–1929.
-
11.
Turcios-Ruiz RM, Axelrod P, St John K, Bullitt E, Donahue J, Robinson N, Friss HE, 2008. Outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by norovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr 153: 339–344.
-
12.
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, 2009. Available at: www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s3582/200906/41164.htm.
-
13.
Silva PA, Stark K, Mockenhaupt FP, Reither K, Weitzel T, Ignatius R, Saad E, Seidu-Korkor A, Bienzle U, Schreier E, 2008. Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana. J Med Virol 80: 1790–1798.
-
14.
Malasao R, Maneekarn N, Khamrin P, Pantip C, Tonusin S, Ushijima H, Peerakome S, 2008. Genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Med Virol 80: 1949–1955.
-
15.
Soares CC, Santos N, Beard RS, Albuquerque MC, Maranhão AG, Rocha LN, Ramírez ML, Monroe SS, Glass RI, Gentsch J, 2007. Norovirus detection and gentyping for children with gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1244–1246.
-
16.
Widdowson MA, Cramer EH, Hadley L, Bresee JS, Beard RS, Bulens SN, Charles M, Chege W, Isakbaeva E, Wright JG, Mintz E, Forney D, Massey J, Glass RI, Monroe SS, 2004. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus–United States, 2002. J Infect Dis 190: 27–36.
-
17.
White PA, Hansman GS, Li A, Dable J, Isaacs M, Ferson M, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, 2002. Norwalk-like virus 95/96-US, strain is a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia. J Med Virol 68: 113–118.
-
18.
Lopman B, Vennema H, Kohli E, Pothier P, Sanchez A, Negredo A, Buesa J, Schreier E, Reacher M, Brown D, Gray J, Iturriza M, Gallimore C, Bottiger B, Hedlund KO, Torvén M, von Bonsdorff CH, Maunula L, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Zimsek J, Reuter G, Szücs G, Melegh B, Svennson L, van Duijnhoven Y, Koopmans M, 2004. Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreak in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 363: 682–688.
-
19.
Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA, 2008. Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b. Clin Infect Dis 46: 413–420.
-
20.
Pang XL, Preiksaitis JK, Lee B, 2005. Multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitation of norovirus genogroups I and II in patients with acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 33: 168–171.
-
21.
Jin Y, Cheng WX, Yang XM, Jin M, Zhang Q, Xu ZQ, Yu JM, Zhu L, Yang SH, Liu N, Cui SX, Fang ZY, Duan ZJ, 2009. Viral agents associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Lanzhou, China. J Clin Virol 44: 238–241.
-
22.
Chen SY, Tsai CN, Lai MW, Chen CY, Lin KL, Lin TY, Chiu CH, 2009. Norovirus infection as a cause of diarrhea-associated benign infantile seizures. Clin Infect Dis 48: 849–855.
-
23.
Jin M, Hua-ping X, Zhao-jun D, Liu N, Zhang Q, Bing-shan W, Hui-ying L, Wei-xia C, Su-hua Y, Jie-mei Y, Zi-qian X, Shu-xian C, Zhu L, Tan M, Jiang X, Zhao-yin F, 2008. Emergence of the GII4/2006 variant and recombinant noroviruses in China. J Med Virol 80: 1997–2004.
-
24.
Yan H, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Ushijima H, 2003. Detection of norovirus (GI,GII), Sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods 114: 37–44.
-
25.
Foley B, O'Mahony J, Hill C, Morgan JG, 2001. Molecular detection and sequencing of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Ireland. J Med Virol 65: 388–394.
-
26.
Amar CF, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA, McLauchlin J, 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993–1996). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 311–323.
-
27.
Froggatt PC, Barry Vipond I, Ashley CR, Lambden PR, Clarke IN, Caul EO, 2004. Surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during one winter season (1999–2000). J Med Virol 72: 307–311.
-
28.
Mladenova Z, Korsun N, Geonova T, Di Bartolo I, Fiore L, Ruggeri FMNorovirus Study Group, 2008. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in outbreak and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Bulgaria. J Med Virol 80: 2161–2168.
-
29.
Fankhauser RL, Monroe SS, Noel JS, Humphrey CD, Bresee JS, Parashar UD, Ando T, Glass RI, 2002. Epidemiologic and molecular trends of “Norwalk-like viruses” associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Unites States. J Infect Dis 186: 1–7.
-
30.
Lee BE, Preiksaitis JK, Chui N, Chui L, Pang XL, 2008. Genetic relatedness of noroviruses identified in sporadic gastroenteritis in children and gastroenteritis outbreaks in Northern Alberta. J Med Virol 80: 330–337.
-
31.
Phan TG, Yan H, Li Y, Okitsu S, Müller WE, Ushijima H, 2006. Novel recombinant norovirus in China. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 857–858.
-
32.
Guo L, Song J, Xu X, Ren L, Li J, Zhou H, Wang M, Qu J, Wang J, Hung T, 2009. Genetic analysis of norovirus in children affected with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, 2004–2007. J Clin Virol 44: 94–98.
-
33.
Bull RA, Hansman GS, Clancy LE, Tanaka MM, Rawlinson WD, White PA, 2005. Norovirus recombination in ORF1/ORF2 overlap. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1079–1085.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 795 | 737 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 327 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 14 | 0 |