ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Marfurt J, Mueller I, Sie A, Maku P, Goroti M, Reeder JC, Beck HP, Genton B, 2007. Low efficacy of amodiaquine or chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 947–954.
-
3.
Karunajeewa HA, Mueller I, Senn M, Lin E, Law I, Gomorrai PS, Oa O, Griffin S, Kotab K, Suano P, Tarongka N, Ura A, Lautu D, Page-Sharp M, Wong R, Salman S, Siba P, Ilett KF, Davis TM, 2008. A trial of combination antimalarial therapies in children from Papua New Guinea. N Engl J Med 359: 2545–2557.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2007. Global AMDP Database - WPRO.
-
5.
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Narara A, Gibson N, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. I. Malariometric indices and immunity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 359–376.
-
6.
Falk N, Maire N, Sama W, Owusu-Agyei S, Smith T, Beck HP, Felger I, 2006. Comparison of PCR-RFLP and Genescan-based genotyping for analyzing infection dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 944–950.
-
7.
Schoepflin S, Valsangiacomo F, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Mueller I, Felger I, 2009. Comparison of Plasmodium falciparum allelic frequency distribution in different endemic settings by high-resolution genotyping. Malar J 30: 250.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Geneva: WHO.
-
9.
Mugittu K, Adjuik M, Snounou G, Ntoumi F, Taylor W, Mshinda H, Olliaro P, Beck HP, 2006. Molecular genotyping to distinguish between recrudescents and new infections in treatment trials of Plasmodium falciparum malaria conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: adjustment of parasitological outcomes and assessment of genotyping effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1350–1359.
-
10.
Miller LH, Roberts T, Shahabuddin M, McCutchan TF, 1993. Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). Mol Biochem Parasitol 59: 1–14.
-
11.
Greenhouse B, Myrick A, Dokomajilar C, Woo JM, Carlson EJ, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Validation of microsatellite markers for use in genotyping polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 836–842.
-
12.
DaRe JT, Mehlotra RK, Michon P, Mueller I, Reeder J, Sharma YD, Stoneking M, Zimmerman PA, 2007. Microsatellite polymorphism within pfcrt provides evidence of continuing evolution of chloroquine-resistant alleles in Papua New Guinea. Malar J 6: 34.
-
13.
Mehlotra RK, Ziats MN, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2006. Prevalence of CYP2B6 alleles in malaria-endemic populations of West Africa and Papua New Guinea. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62: 267–275.
-
14.
Mehlotra RK, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2007. Prevalence of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in West African, Papua New Guinean, and North American populations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63: 1–8.
-
15.
Giao PT, de Vries PJ, 2001. Pharmacokinetic interactions of antimalarial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 40: 343–373.
-
16.
Grace JM, Aguilar AJ, Trotman KM, Peggins JO, Brewer TG, 1998. Metabolism of beta-arteether to dihydroqinghaosu by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Dispos 26: 313–317.
-
17.
Ilett KF, Ethell BT, Maggs JL, Davis TM, Batty KT, Burchell B, Binh TQ, Thu le TA, Hung NC, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Edwards G, 2002. Glucuronidation of dihydroartemisinin in vivo and by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 30: 1005–1012.
-
18.
Svensson US, Ashton M, 1999. Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of artemisinin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48: 528–535.
-
19.
Koram KA, Abuaku B, Duah N, Quashie N, 2005. Comparative efficacy of antimalarial drugs including ACTs in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children under 5 years in Ghana. Acta Trop 95: 194–203.
-
20.
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine versus that of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1079–1086.
-
21.
Mutabingwa TK, Anthony D, Heller A, Hallett R, Ahmed J, Drakeley C, Greenwood BM, Whitty CJ, 2005. Amodiaquine alone, amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine+artesunate, and artemether-lumefantrine for outpatient treatment of malaria in Tanzanian children: a four-arm randomised effectiveness trial. Lancet 365: 1474–1480.
-
22.
Vugt MV, Wilairatana P, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Phaipun L, Brockman A, Luxemburger C, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, 1999. Efficacy of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine (benflumetol) in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 936–942.
-
23.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJ, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1570–1577.
-
24.
Lim P, Alker AP, Khim N, Shah NK, Incardona S, Doung S, Yi P, Bouth DM, Bouchier C, Puijalon OM, Meshnick SR, Wongsrichanalai C, Fandeur T, Le Bras J, Ringwald P, Ariey F, 2009. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malar J 8: 11.
-
25.
Hodel EM, Marfurt J, Muller D, Rippert A, Borrmann S, Muller I, Reeder JC, Siba P, Genton B, Beck HP, 2008. Lack of multiple copies of pfmdr1 gene in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 1151–1153.
-
26.
Rodriguez-Antona C, Sayi JG, Gustafsson LL, Bertilsson L, Ingelman-Sundberg M, 2005. Phenotype-genotype variability in the human CYP3A locus as assessed by the probe drug quinine and analyses of variant CYP3A4 alleles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338: 299–305.
-
27.
Ezzet F, Mull R, Karbwang J, 1998. Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46: 553–561.
-
28.
White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F, 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 37: 105–125.
-
29.
Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Lim P, Lindegardh N, Yi P, Top SN, Socheat D, Fandeur T, Annerberg A, Christophel EM, Ringwald P, 2006. Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1800–1807.
-
30.
Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Owusu R, Adjuik M, menga-Etego S, Dosoo DK, Gyapong J, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D, 2008. An open label, randomised trial of artesunate+amodiaquine, artesunate+chlorproguanil-dapsone and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. PLoS One 3: e2530.
-
31.
Kobbe R, Klein P, Adjei S, Amemasor S, Thompson WN, Heidemann H, Nielsen MV, Vohwinkel J, Hogan B, Kreuels B, Buhrlen M, Loag W, Ansong D, May J, 2008. A randomized trial on effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate plus amodiaquine for unsupervised treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children. Malar J 7: 261.
-
32.
Piola P, Fogg C, Bajunirwe F, Biraro S, Grandesso F, Ruzagira E, Babigumira J, Kigozi I, Kiguli J, Kyomuhendo J, Ferradini L, Taylor W, Checchi F, Guthmann JP, 2005. Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 365: 1467–1473.
-
33.
Hetzel MW, Obrist B, Lengeler C, Msechu JJ, Nathan R, Dillip A, Makemba AM, Mshana C, Schulze A, Mshinda H, 2008. Obstacles to prompt and effective malaria treatment lead to low community-coverage in two rural districts of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 8: 317.
-
34.
White NJ, Pan-Ngum W, Maude RJ, Saralamba S, Aguas R, Stepniewska K, Lee SJ, Dondorp AM, White LJ, Day NP, 2009. Hyperparasitaemia and low dosing are an important source of anti-malarial drug resistance. Malar J 8: 253.
-
35.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
36.
Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, 2008. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med 359: 2619–2620.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 315 | 269 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 440 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 126 | 11 | 0 |
Treatment with Coartem (Artemether-Lumefantrine) in Papua New Guinea
Sonja Schoepflin
Sonja Schoepflin
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Enmoore Lin
Enmoore Lin
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Benson Kiniboro
Benson Kiniboro
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Jeana T. DaRe
Jeana T. DaRe
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Rajeev K. Mehlotra
Rajeev K. Mehlotra
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Peter A. Zimmerman
Peter A. Zimmerman
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Ivo Mueller
Ivo Mueller
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Ingrid Felger
Ingrid Felger
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province, Papua New Guinea; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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A recent drug efficacy trial reported Coartem (artemether-lumefantrine) to be highly effective against Plasmodium falciparum in children less than 5 years of age in Papua New Guinea (PNG). In contrast, we have observed high levels of treatment failures in non-trial conditions in a longitudinal cohort study in the same age group in PNG. Recrudescences were confirmed by genotyping of three different marker genes to provide optimal discrimination power between parasite clones. After excluding genetic host factors by genotyping potentially relevant cytochrome P450 loci, the high number of treatment failures in our study is best explained by poor adherence to complex dosing regimens in combination with insufficient fat supplementation, which are both crucial parameters for the outcome of Coartem treatment. In contrast to the situation in classic drug trials with ideal treatment conditions, our field survey highlights potential problems with unsupervised usage of Coartem in routine clinical practice and under program conditions.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no: 31003A-112196) and the National Institute of Health. S. Schoepflin was supported by the Forlen Foundation.
Authors' addresses: Sonja Schoepflin and Ingrid Felger, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, E-mail: engrid.felger@unibas.ch. Enmoore Lin, Benson Kiniboro, and Ivo Mueller, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province 441, Papua New Guinea. Jeana T. DaRe, Rajeev K. Mehlotra, and Peter A. Zimmerman, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Cleveland, OH.
Reprint requests: Ingrid Felger, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002-Basel, Switzerland, Tel: +41-61-2848-117, Fax: +41-61-2848-101, E-mail: ingrid.felger@unibas.ch.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Marfurt J, Mueller I, Sie A, Maku P, Goroti M, Reeder JC, Beck HP, Genton B, 2007. Low efficacy of amodiaquine or chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 947–954.
-
3.
Karunajeewa HA, Mueller I, Senn M, Lin E, Law I, Gomorrai PS, Oa O, Griffin S, Kotab K, Suano P, Tarongka N, Ura A, Lautu D, Page-Sharp M, Wong R, Salman S, Siba P, Ilett KF, Davis TM, 2008. A trial of combination antimalarial therapies in children from Papua New Guinea. N Engl J Med 359: 2545–2557.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2007. Global AMDP Database - WPRO.
-
5.
Genton B, al-Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Narara A, Gibson N, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. I. Malariometric indices and immunity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 359–376.
-
6.
Falk N, Maire N, Sama W, Owusu-Agyei S, Smith T, Beck HP, Felger I, 2006. Comparison of PCR-RFLP and Genescan-based genotyping for analyzing infection dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 944–950.
-
7.
Schoepflin S, Valsangiacomo F, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Mueller I, Felger I, 2009. Comparison of Plasmodium falciparum allelic frequency distribution in different endemic settings by high-resolution genotyping. Malar J 30: 250.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Geneva: WHO.
-
9.
Mugittu K, Adjuik M, Snounou G, Ntoumi F, Taylor W, Mshinda H, Olliaro P, Beck HP, 2006. Molecular genotyping to distinguish between recrudescents and new infections in treatment trials of Plasmodium falciparum malaria conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: adjustment of parasitological outcomes and assessment of genotyping effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1350–1359.
-
10.
Miller LH, Roberts T, Shahabuddin M, McCutchan TF, 1993. Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). Mol Biochem Parasitol 59: 1–14.
-
11.
Greenhouse B, Myrick A, Dokomajilar C, Woo JM, Carlson EJ, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Validation of microsatellite markers for use in genotyping polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 836–842.
-
12.
DaRe JT, Mehlotra RK, Michon P, Mueller I, Reeder J, Sharma YD, Stoneking M, Zimmerman PA, 2007. Microsatellite polymorphism within pfcrt provides evidence of continuing evolution of chloroquine-resistant alleles in Papua New Guinea. Malar J 6: 34.
-
13.
Mehlotra RK, Ziats MN, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2006. Prevalence of CYP2B6 alleles in malaria-endemic populations of West Africa and Papua New Guinea. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62: 267–275.
-
14.
Mehlotra RK, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA, 2007. Prevalence of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in West African, Papua New Guinean, and North American populations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63: 1–8.
-
15.
Giao PT, de Vries PJ, 2001. Pharmacokinetic interactions of antimalarial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 40: 343–373.
-
16.
Grace JM, Aguilar AJ, Trotman KM, Peggins JO, Brewer TG, 1998. Metabolism of beta-arteether to dihydroqinghaosu by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Dispos 26: 313–317.
-
17.
Ilett KF, Ethell BT, Maggs JL, Davis TM, Batty KT, Burchell B, Binh TQ, Thu le TA, Hung NC, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Edwards G, 2002. Glucuronidation of dihydroartemisinin in vivo and by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 30: 1005–1012.
-
18.
Svensson US, Ashton M, 1999. Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of artemisinin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48: 528–535.
-
19.
Koram KA, Abuaku B, Duah N, Quashie N, 2005. Comparative efficacy of antimalarial drugs including ACTs in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children under 5 years in Ghana. Acta Trop 95: 194–203.
-
20.
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine versus that of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1079–1086.
-
21.
Mutabingwa TK, Anthony D, Heller A, Hallett R, Ahmed J, Drakeley C, Greenwood BM, Whitty CJ, 2005. Amodiaquine alone, amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine+artesunate, and artemether-lumefantrine for outpatient treatment of malaria in Tanzanian children: a four-arm randomised effectiveness trial. Lancet 365: 1474–1480.
-
22.
Vugt MV, Wilairatana P, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Phaipun L, Brockman A, Luxemburger C, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, 1999. Efficacy of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine (benflumetol) in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 936–942.
-
23.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJ, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1570–1577.
-
24.
Lim P, Alker AP, Khim N, Shah NK, Incardona S, Doung S, Yi P, Bouth DM, Bouchier C, Puijalon OM, Meshnick SR, Wongsrichanalai C, Fandeur T, Le Bras J, Ringwald P, Ariey F, 2009. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malar J 8: 11.
-
25.
Hodel EM, Marfurt J, Muller D, Rippert A, Borrmann S, Muller I, Reeder JC, Siba P, Genton B, Beck HP, 2008. Lack of multiple copies of pfmdr1 gene in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 1151–1153.
-
26.
Rodriguez-Antona C, Sayi JG, Gustafsson LL, Bertilsson L, Ingelman-Sundberg M, 2005. Phenotype-genotype variability in the human CYP3A locus as assessed by the probe drug quinine and analyses of variant CYP3A4 alleles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338: 299–305.
-
27.
Ezzet F, Mull R, Karbwang J, 1998. Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46: 553–561.
-
28.
White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F, 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 37: 105–125.
-
29.
Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Lim P, Lindegardh N, Yi P, Top SN, Socheat D, Fandeur T, Annerberg A, Christophel EM, Ringwald P, 2006. Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1800–1807.
-
30.
Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Owusu R, Adjuik M, menga-Etego S, Dosoo DK, Gyapong J, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D, 2008. An open label, randomised trial of artesunate+amodiaquine, artesunate+chlorproguanil-dapsone and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. PLoS One 3: e2530.
-
31.
Kobbe R, Klein P, Adjei S, Amemasor S, Thompson WN, Heidemann H, Nielsen MV, Vohwinkel J, Hogan B, Kreuels B, Buhrlen M, Loag W, Ansong D, May J, 2008. A randomized trial on effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate plus amodiaquine for unsupervised treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children. Malar J 7: 261.
-
32.
Piola P, Fogg C, Bajunirwe F, Biraro S, Grandesso F, Ruzagira E, Babigumira J, Kigozi I, Kiguli J, Kyomuhendo J, Ferradini L, Taylor W, Checchi F, Guthmann JP, 2005. Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 365: 1467–1473.
-
33.
Hetzel MW, Obrist B, Lengeler C, Msechu JJ, Nathan R, Dillip A, Makemba AM, Mshana C, Schulze A, Mshinda H, 2008. Obstacles to prompt and effective malaria treatment lead to low community-coverage in two rural districts of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 8: 317.
-
34.
White NJ, Pan-Ngum W, Maude RJ, Saralamba S, Aguas R, Stepniewska K, Lee SJ, Dondorp AM, White LJ, Day NP, 2009. Hyperparasitaemia and low dosing are an important source of anti-malarial drug resistance. Malar J 8: 253.
-
35.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
36.
Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, 2008. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med 359: 2619–2620.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 315 | 269 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 440 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 126 | 11 | 0 |