ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ducorps M, Gardon-Wendel N, Ranque S, Ndong W, Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Schneider D, Chippaux JP, 1995. Effets secon-daires du traitement de la loase hypermicrofilarémique par l’ivermectine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 88 :105–112.
-
2
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno J, Ngoumou P, Chippaux JP, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :461–469.
-
3
Twum-Danso NA, 2003. Serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control: a review of reported cases. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S3.
-
4
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga Ngangue, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350 :18–22.
-
5
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux JP, 2001. Relationships between the prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in the Central Province of Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :495–507.
-
6
Twum-Danso NAY, Meredith SEO, 2003. Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8 :820–831.
-
7
Fobi G, Gardon J, Santiago M, Ngangue D, Gardon-Wendel N, Boussinesq M, 2000. Ocular findings after ivermectin treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaremia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 7 :27–39.
-
8
Duke BOL, Vincelette J, Moore PJ, 1976. Microfilariae in the cere-brospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Tropenmed Parasitol 27 :123–132.
-
9
Francis H, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA, 1985. The Mazzotti reaction following treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine: clinical severity as a function of infection intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :529–536.
-
10
Cline BL, Hernandez JL, Mather FJ, Bartholomew R, Nunez de Maza S, Rodulfo S, Welborn CA, Eberhard ML, Convit J, 1992. Albendazole in the treatment of onchocerciasis: double-blind clinical trial in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :512–520.
-
11
Awadzi K, Dadzie KY, Schulz-Key H, Haddock DRW, Gilles HM, Aziz MA, 1985. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. X. An assessment of four single dose treatment regimes of MK-933 (ivermectin) in human onchocerciasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 79 :63–78.
-
12
Basset D, Bourée P, Basset A, Larivière M, 1989. Effets de la dié-thylcarbamazine et de l’ivermectine sur la mobilisation des microfilaires d’Onchocerca volvulus. Pathol Biol 37 :668–672.
-
13
Richards FO Jr, Zea-Flores R, Duke BOL, 1989. Dynamics of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus over the first 72 hours after treatment with ivermectin. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :299–303.
-
14
Carme B, Boulesteix J, Boutes H, Puruehnce MF, 1991. Five cases of encephalitis during treatment of loiasis with diethylcarbamazine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :684–690.
-
15
Van Bogaert L, Dubois A, Janssens PG, Radermecker J, Tverdy G, Wanson M, 1955. Encephalitis in Loa-loa filariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 18 :103–119.
-
16
Duke BOL, Moore PJ, Vincelette J, 1975. Factors influencing the passage of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the urine. Tropenmed Parasitol 26 :449–468.
-
17
Vuong PN, Bain O, Cabaret J, Petit G, Prod’hon J, Ranque P, Chabaud AG, 1988. Forest and savanna onchocerciasis: comparative morphometric histopathology of skin lesions. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :105–110.
-
18
Duke BOL, Wijers DJ, 1958. Studies on loiasis in monkeys. I. The relationship between human and simian Loa in the rain-forest zone of the British Cameroons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :158–175.
-
19
Duke BOL, 1958. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. V. The biting cycles and infection rates of Chrysops silacea, C. dimidiata, C. langi and C. centurionis at canopy level in the rain-forest at Bombe, British Cameroons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :24–35.
-
20
Duke BOL, 1964. Studies on loiasis in monkeys. IV. Experimental hybridization of the human and simian strains of Loa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 58 :390–408.
-
21
Duke BOL, 2004. Failed attempts at experimental transplantation and transmission of nocturnally-periodic simian Loa from monkey to man. Filaria J 3 :5.
-
22
Fain A, Elsen P, Wéry M, Maertens K, 1974. Les filarioses humaines au Mayumbe et dans les régions limitrophes (République du Zaïre). Evaluation de la densité microfilarienne. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 54 :5–34.
-
23
Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2001. Hyperendemicité de la loase dans la plaine Tikar, région de savane arbustive du Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94 :342–346.
-
24
Hawking F, Moore P, Gammage K, Worms M, 1967. Periodicity of microfilariae. XII. The effect of variations in host body temperature on the cycle of Loa loa, Monnigofilaria setariosa, Dirofilaria immitis and other filariae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 61 :674–683.
-
25
Nelson W, Tong YL, Lee JK, Halberg F, 1979. Methods for Cosinor rhythmometry. Chronobiologia 6 :305–323.
-
26
Hawking F, 1967. The 24-hour periodicity of microfilariae: biological mechanisms responsible for its production and control. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 169 :59–76.
-
27
Pichon G, Treuil JP, 2004. Genetic determinism of parasitic circadian periodicity and subperiodicity in human lymphatic filariasis. CR Biol 327 :1087–1094.
-
28
Hawking F, 1955. Periodicity of microfilariae of Loa loa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :132–142.
-
29
Kershaw WE, 1950. Studies on the epidemiology of filariasis in West Africa, with special reference to the British Cameroon and the Niger Delta. I. Methods of survey for infections with Loa loa and Acanthocheilonema perstans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 44 :361–378.
-
30
Ogunba EO, 1977. Loa-loa microfilaremia in the Nigerian population. Trop Geogr Med 29 :51–55.
-
31
Carme B, 1983. Etude des variations de la microfilarémie dans la filariose à Loa loa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 63 :333–339.
-
32
Sasa M, Tanaka H, 1972. Studies on the methods for statistical analyses of the microfilarial periodicity survey data. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 3 :518–536.
-
33
Pichon G, Thirel R, Chebret M, 1979. Nouvelle approche de la périodicité chez la filaire Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Cah ORSTOM Sér Ent Med Parasitol 17 :89–105.
-
34
Simonsen PE, Niemann L, Meyrowitsch DW, 1997. Wuchereria bancrofti in Tanzania: microfilarial periodicity and effect of blood sampling time on microfilarial intensities. Trop Med Int Health 2 :153–158.
-
35
Dzodzomenyo M, Dunyo SK, Ahorlu CK, Coker WZ, Appawu MA, Pedersen EM, Simonsen PE, 1999. Bancroftian filariasis in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 4 :13–18.
-
36
Abe M, Yaviong J, Taleo G, Ichimori K, 2003. Microfilarial periodicity of Wuchereria bancrofti in Vanuatu. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :498–500.
-
37
Partono F, Purnomo, 1987. Periodicity studies of Brugia malayi in Indonesia: recent findings and a modified classification of the parasite. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :657–662.
-
38
Nogami S, Marasugi E, Shimazaki K, Maeda R, Harasawa R, Nakagaki K, 2000. Quantitative analysis of microfilarial periodicity of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol 92 :227–232.
-
39
Aikat TK, Das M, 1977. A modified statistical method for analysis of periodicity of microfilariae. Indian J Med Res 65 :58–64.
-
40
Bogéa T, Favre TC, Rotenberg L, Silva HS, Pieri OS, 1996. Circadian pattern of cercarial emergence in Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from isolated Biomphalaria glabrata. Chronobiol Int 13 :93–101.
-
41
Dixit V, Pati AK, Gupta AK, Prasad GBKS, 2004. Rhythmic behaviour of W. bancrofti microfilaraemia in human population at Raipur. Biol Rhythm Res 35 :355–366.
-
42
Haselow NJ, Akame J, Evini C, Akongo S, 2003. Programmatic and communication issues in relation to serious adverse events following ivermectin treatment in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S10.
-
43
Thylefors B, 2008. The Mectizan Donation Program (MDP). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102 (Suppl 1):S39–S44.
-
44
Duke BOL, 2003. Overview: report of a scientific working group on serious adverse events following Mectizan ® treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S1.
-
45
Duke BOL, 1970. The effects of drugs on Onchocerca volvulus. 4. Trials of melarsonyl potassium. Bull World Health Organ 42 :115–127.
-
46
Townson S, Tagboto SK, Castro J, Lujan A, Awadzi K, Titanji VPK, 1994. Comparison of the sensitivity of different geographical races of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae to ivermectin: studies in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :101–106.
-
47
Awadzi K, Opoku NO, Attah SK, Addy ET, Duke BOL, Nyame PK, Kshirsagar NA, 1997. The safety and efficacy of amocarzine in African onchocerciasis and the influence of ivermectin on the clinical and parasitological response to treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :281–296.
-
48
Kamgno J, Gardon J, Boussinesq M, 2000. Essai de prévention des encéphalopathies à Loa loa post-ivermectine par l’administration d’une faible dose initiale. Med Trop 60 :275–277.
-
49
Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Tejiokem MC, Twum-Danso NAY, Thylefors B, Boussinesq M, 2007. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial with ivermectin on Loa loa microfilaraemia: efficacy of a low dose (~25 μg/kg) versus current standard dose (150 μg/kg). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :777–785.
-
50
Chippaux JP, Ernould JC, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chandre F, Barberi N, 1992. Ivermectin treatment of loiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :289.
-
51
Gardon J, Kamgno J, Folefack G, Gardon-Wendel N, Bouchite B, Boussinesq M, 1997. Marked decrease in Loa loa microfilaraemia six and twelve months after a single dose of ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :593–594.
-
52
Higazi TB, Klion AD, Boussinesq M, Unnasch TR, 2004. Genetic heterogeneity in Loa loa parasites from southern Cameroon: a preliminary study. Filaria J 3 :4.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 388 | 346 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 312 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 107 | 5 | 0 |
Loa loa Microfilarial Periodicity in Ivermectin-Treated Patients: Comparison Between Those Developing and Those Free of Serious Adverse Events
Joseph Kamgno
Joseph Kamgno
Filariasis Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité Mixte de Recherche 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Mectizan Donation Program, Decatur, Georgia
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Sébastien D. Pion
Sébastien D. Pion
Filariasis Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité Mixte de Recherche 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Mectizan Donation Program, Decatur, Georgia
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Charles D. Mackenzie
Charles D. Mackenzie
Filariasis Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité Mixte de Recherche 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Mectizan Donation Program, Decatur, Georgia
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Björn Thylefors
Björn Thylefors
Filariasis Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité Mixte de Recherche 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Mectizan Donation Program, Decatur, Georgia
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Michel Boussinesq
Michel Boussinesq
Filariasis Research Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité Mixte de Recherche 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Mectizan Donation Program, Decatur, Georgia
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The main risk factor of post-ivermectin serious adverse events (SAEs) is the presence of a high Loa loa microfilaremia. However, the majority of patients with such high loads do not develop SAEs, suggesting that co-factors may be involved. An infection with simian Loa parasites, whose microfilariae show a nocturnal periodicity, might be such a co-factor. The periodicity of Loa microfilariae was compared, using cosinor methodology, in 4 patients who had developed a post-ivermectin neurologic SAE, 4 patients who had experienced a non-neurologic SAE, and 14 control individuals. The periodicity was similar in all three groups, with a peak of microfilaremia occurring between 12:30 and 2:00 pm. The results of this study, which for the first time characterizes the periodicity of Loa microfilariae mathematically, suggest that post-ivermectin SAEs are not related to an infection with a Loa simian strain.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Ducorps M, Gardon-Wendel N, Ranque S, Ndong W, Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Schneider D, Chippaux JP, 1995. Effets secon-daires du traitement de la loase hypermicrofilarémique par l’ivermectine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 88 :105–112.
-
2
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno J, Ngoumou P, Chippaux JP, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :461–469.
-
3
Twum-Danso NA, 2003. Serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control: a review of reported cases. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S3.
-
4
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga Ngangue, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350 :18–22.
-
5
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux JP, 2001. Relationships between the prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in the Central Province of Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :495–507.
-
6
Twum-Danso NAY, Meredith SEO, 2003. Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8 :820–831.
-
7
Fobi G, Gardon J, Santiago M, Ngangue D, Gardon-Wendel N, Boussinesq M, 2000. Ocular findings after ivermectin treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaremia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 7 :27–39.
-
8
Duke BOL, Vincelette J, Moore PJ, 1976. Microfilariae in the cere-brospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Tropenmed Parasitol 27 :123–132.
-
9
Francis H, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA, 1985. The Mazzotti reaction following treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine: clinical severity as a function of infection intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :529–536.
-
10
Cline BL, Hernandez JL, Mather FJ, Bartholomew R, Nunez de Maza S, Rodulfo S, Welborn CA, Eberhard ML, Convit J, 1992. Albendazole in the treatment of onchocerciasis: double-blind clinical trial in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :512–520.
-
11
Awadzi K, Dadzie KY, Schulz-Key H, Haddock DRW, Gilles HM, Aziz MA, 1985. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. X. An assessment of four single dose treatment regimes of MK-933 (ivermectin) in human onchocerciasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 79 :63–78.
-
12
Basset D, Bourée P, Basset A, Larivière M, 1989. Effets de la dié-thylcarbamazine et de l’ivermectine sur la mobilisation des microfilaires d’Onchocerca volvulus. Pathol Biol 37 :668–672.
-
13
Richards FO Jr, Zea-Flores R, Duke BOL, 1989. Dynamics of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus over the first 72 hours after treatment with ivermectin. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :299–303.
-
14
Carme B, Boulesteix J, Boutes H, Puruehnce MF, 1991. Five cases of encephalitis during treatment of loiasis with diethylcarbamazine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :684–690.
-
15
Van Bogaert L, Dubois A, Janssens PG, Radermecker J, Tverdy G, Wanson M, 1955. Encephalitis in Loa-loa filariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 18 :103–119.
-
16
Duke BOL, Moore PJ, Vincelette J, 1975. Factors influencing the passage of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the urine. Tropenmed Parasitol 26 :449–468.
-
17
Vuong PN, Bain O, Cabaret J, Petit G, Prod’hon J, Ranque P, Chabaud AG, 1988. Forest and savanna onchocerciasis: comparative morphometric histopathology of skin lesions. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :105–110.
-
18
Duke BOL, Wijers DJ, 1958. Studies on loiasis in monkeys. I. The relationship between human and simian Loa in the rain-forest zone of the British Cameroons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :158–175.
-
19
Duke BOL, 1958. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. V. The biting cycles and infection rates of Chrysops silacea, C. dimidiata, C. langi and C. centurionis at canopy level in the rain-forest at Bombe, British Cameroons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :24–35.
-
20
Duke BOL, 1964. Studies on loiasis in monkeys. IV. Experimental hybridization of the human and simian strains of Loa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 58 :390–408.
-
21
Duke BOL, 2004. Failed attempts at experimental transplantation and transmission of nocturnally-periodic simian Loa from monkey to man. Filaria J 3 :5.
-
22
Fain A, Elsen P, Wéry M, Maertens K, 1974. Les filarioses humaines au Mayumbe et dans les régions limitrophes (République du Zaïre). Evaluation de la densité microfilarienne. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 54 :5–34.
-
23
Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2001. Hyperendemicité de la loase dans la plaine Tikar, région de savane arbustive du Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94 :342–346.
-
24
Hawking F, Moore P, Gammage K, Worms M, 1967. Periodicity of microfilariae. XII. The effect of variations in host body temperature on the cycle of Loa loa, Monnigofilaria setariosa, Dirofilaria immitis and other filariae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 61 :674–683.
-
25
Nelson W, Tong YL, Lee JK, Halberg F, 1979. Methods for Cosinor rhythmometry. Chronobiologia 6 :305–323.
-
26
Hawking F, 1967. The 24-hour periodicity of microfilariae: biological mechanisms responsible for its production and control. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 169 :59–76.
-
27
Pichon G, Treuil JP, 2004. Genetic determinism of parasitic circadian periodicity and subperiodicity in human lymphatic filariasis. CR Biol 327 :1087–1094.
-
28
Hawking F, 1955. Periodicity of microfilariae of Loa loa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :132–142.
-
29
Kershaw WE, 1950. Studies on the epidemiology of filariasis in West Africa, with special reference to the British Cameroon and the Niger Delta. I. Methods of survey for infections with Loa loa and Acanthocheilonema perstans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 44 :361–378.
-
30
Ogunba EO, 1977. Loa-loa microfilaremia in the Nigerian population. Trop Geogr Med 29 :51–55.
-
31
Carme B, 1983. Etude des variations de la microfilarémie dans la filariose à Loa loa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 63 :333–339.
-
32
Sasa M, Tanaka H, 1972. Studies on the methods for statistical analyses of the microfilarial periodicity survey data. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 3 :518–536.
-
33
Pichon G, Thirel R, Chebret M, 1979. Nouvelle approche de la périodicité chez la filaire Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Cah ORSTOM Sér Ent Med Parasitol 17 :89–105.
-
34
Simonsen PE, Niemann L, Meyrowitsch DW, 1997. Wuchereria bancrofti in Tanzania: microfilarial periodicity and effect of blood sampling time on microfilarial intensities. Trop Med Int Health 2 :153–158.
-
35
Dzodzomenyo M, Dunyo SK, Ahorlu CK, Coker WZ, Appawu MA, Pedersen EM, Simonsen PE, 1999. Bancroftian filariasis in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 4 :13–18.
-
36
Abe M, Yaviong J, Taleo G, Ichimori K, 2003. Microfilarial periodicity of Wuchereria bancrofti in Vanuatu. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :498–500.
-
37
Partono F, Purnomo, 1987. Periodicity studies of Brugia malayi in Indonesia: recent findings and a modified classification of the parasite. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :657–662.
-
38
Nogami S, Marasugi E, Shimazaki K, Maeda R, Harasawa R, Nakagaki K, 2000. Quantitative analysis of microfilarial periodicity of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol 92 :227–232.
-
39
Aikat TK, Das M, 1977. A modified statistical method for analysis of periodicity of microfilariae. Indian J Med Res 65 :58–64.
-
40
Bogéa T, Favre TC, Rotenberg L, Silva HS, Pieri OS, 1996. Circadian pattern of cercarial emergence in Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from isolated Biomphalaria glabrata. Chronobiol Int 13 :93–101.
-
41
Dixit V, Pati AK, Gupta AK, Prasad GBKS, 2004. Rhythmic behaviour of W. bancrofti microfilaraemia in human population at Raipur. Biol Rhythm Res 35 :355–366.
-
42
Haselow NJ, Akame J, Evini C, Akongo S, 2003. Programmatic and communication issues in relation to serious adverse events following ivermectin treatment in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S10.
-
43
Thylefors B, 2008. The Mectizan Donation Program (MDP). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102 (Suppl 1):S39–S44.
-
44
Duke BOL, 2003. Overview: report of a scientific working group on serious adverse events following Mectizan ® treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S1.
-
45
Duke BOL, 1970. The effects of drugs on Onchocerca volvulus. 4. Trials of melarsonyl potassium. Bull World Health Organ 42 :115–127.
-
46
Townson S, Tagboto SK, Castro J, Lujan A, Awadzi K, Titanji VPK, 1994. Comparison of the sensitivity of different geographical races of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae to ivermectin: studies in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :101–106.
-
47
Awadzi K, Opoku NO, Attah SK, Addy ET, Duke BOL, Nyame PK, Kshirsagar NA, 1997. The safety and efficacy of amocarzine in African onchocerciasis and the influence of ivermectin on the clinical and parasitological response to treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :281–296.
-
48
Kamgno J, Gardon J, Boussinesq M, 2000. Essai de prévention des encéphalopathies à Loa loa post-ivermectine par l’administration d’une faible dose initiale. Med Trop 60 :275–277.
-
49
Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Tejiokem MC, Twum-Danso NAY, Thylefors B, Boussinesq M, 2007. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial with ivermectin on Loa loa microfilaraemia: efficacy of a low dose (~25 μg/kg) versus current standard dose (150 μg/kg). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :777–785.
-
50
Chippaux JP, Ernould JC, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chandre F, Barberi N, 1992. Ivermectin treatment of loiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :289.
-
51
Gardon J, Kamgno J, Folefack G, Gardon-Wendel N, Bouchite B, Boussinesq M, 1997. Marked decrease in Loa loa microfilaraemia six and twelve months after a single dose of ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :593–594.
-
52
Higazi TB, Klion AD, Boussinesq M, Unnasch TR, 2004. Genetic heterogeneity in Loa loa parasites from southern Cameroon: a preliminary study. Filaria J 3 :4.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 388 | 346 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 312 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 107 | 5 | 0 |