Effects of Latitude and Longitude on the Population Structure of Culex pipiens s.l., Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America

Frances Edillo Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Anthony Kiszewski Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Justin Manjourides Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Marcello Pagano Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Michael Hutchinson Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Andrew Kyle Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Jorge Arias Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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David Gaines Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Richard Lampman Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Robert Novak Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Ivo Foppa Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Charles Lubelcyzk Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Robert Smith Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Abelardo Moncayo Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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Andrew Spielman Former Address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Bentley College, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fairfax Department of Health, Fairfax, Virginia; Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, Richmond, Virginia; Division for Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois; W.C. Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, South Portland, Maine; Tennessee Department of Health Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0605
Volume/Issue:
Volume 81: Issue 5
Page(s):
842–848
Restricted access
Get Permissions

We assessed the structure and latitudinal selection that might result in sensitivities to critical day-lengths that trigger diapause between Culex pipiens populations distributed along North-South and East-West axes in eastern North America. Strong population structure between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus existed. Among Cx. p. pipiens, a 100-km increase in the latitudinal change resulted in an increased square root of FST by 0.002. A 100-km increase in the longitudinal change caused an increased square root of FST by 0.035. A lack of latitudinal influence on the structure between Cx. p. pipiens populations suggests a uniform signal using the 12 microsatellite markers, which might increase the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission toward northern areas because of longer breeding season, extend host-seeking period, and larger population size. Northern Cx. p. pipiens may have undergone additional generations before diapause is triggered, magnifying population size when WNV amplification is peaking.

Author Notes

Copyright:
Copyright 2009 The American Society of Tropical Medicine 2009
Received:
18 Nov 2008
|
Accepted:
15 Jul 2009
|
Published Online:
Nov 2009
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
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