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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Perry RD, Fetherston JD, 1997. Yersinia pestis–etiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :35–66.
-
2
Gage KL, Kosoy MY, 2005. Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research. Annu Rev Entomol 50 :505–528.
-
3
WHO, 2002. Human plague in 2002 and 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :301–308.
-
4
WHO, 2005. Outbreak news index 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80 :433–440.
-
5
Hopkins G, 1949. Report on rats, fleas and plague in Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Standard, Ltd. 52.
-
6
Kilonzo BS, 1992. Observations on the epidemiology of plague in Tanzania during the period 1974–1988. East Afr Med J 69 :494–499.
-
7
Laudisoit A, Leirs H, Makundi RH, Van Dongen S, Davis S, Neerinckx S, Deckers J, Libois R, 2007. Plague and the human flea, Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :687–693.
-
8
Eisen RJ, Borchert JN, Holmes JL, Amatre G, Van Wyk K, Enscore RE, Babi N, Atiku LA, Wilder AP, Vetter SM, Bearden SW, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2008. Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and their potential role as vectors in a plague-endemic region of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :949–956.
-
9
Wilson DE, Reeder DM., eds., 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2, 142.
-
10
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1944. Feeding habits of the proven and possible mosquito vectors of western equine and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :131–134.
-
11
Burkot TR, Goodman WG, DeFoliart GR, 1981. Identification of mosquito blood meals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :1336–1341.
-
12
Ngo KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Identification of mosquito bloodmeals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with order-specific primers. J Med Entomol 40 :215–222.
-
13
Kent RJ, Norris DE, 2005. Identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome B. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :336–342.
-
14
Eisen RJ, Wilder AP, Bearden SW, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas. J Med Entomol 44 :678–682.
-
15
Sackal CLA, Kosoy M, Massung R, Eremeeva M, Karpathy S, Van Wyk K, Gabitzsch E, Zeidner N, 2008. Detection of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia felis DNA in Fleas Recovered from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :1972–1974.
-
16
Humair PF, Douet V, Cadenas FM, Schouls LM, Van De Pol I, Gern L, 2007. Molecular identification of bloodmeal source in Ixodes ricinus ticks using 12S rDNA as a genetic marker. J Med Entomol 44 :869–880.
-
17
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc Biol Sci 273 :2327–2333.
-
18
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4 :e82.
-
19
Gomes LA, Duarte R, Lima DC, Diniz BS, Serrao ML, Labarthe N, 2001. Comparison between precipitin and ELISA tests in the bloodmeal detection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) mosquitoes experimentally fed on feline, canine and human hosts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :693–695.
-
20
Eidson M, Tierney LA, Rollag OJ, Becker T, Brown T, Hull HF, 1988. Feline plague in New Mexico: risk factors and transmission to humans. Am J Public Health 78 :1333–1335.
-
21
Doll JM, Zeitz PS, Ettestad P, Bucholtz AL, Davis T, Gage K, 1994. Cat-transmitted fatal pneumonic plague in a person who traveled from Colorado to Arizona. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :109–114.
-
22
Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ, Pape WJ, Fritz CL, Carter LG, Stein JD, 2000. Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977–1998. Clin Infect Dis 30 :893–900.
-
23
Heisch RB, Grainger WE, St ADSJ, 1953. Results of a plague investigation in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 :503–521.
-
24
Christie AB, Chen TH, Elberg SS, 1980. Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics. J Infect Dis 141 :724–726.
-
25
Kilonzo BS, Sabuni CA, Lukiko KN, Msacky AL, Mkude RP, 2000. Species and population densities of domestic fleas in the Lushoto plague focus, Tanzania. Need for integrated pest managment approach for their control. Trop Pests Manage Bull 1 :11–15.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 815 | 749 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 290 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 10 | 1 |
Identification of Flea Blood Meals Using Multiplexed Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Targeting Mitochondrial Gene Fragments
Michael E. Woods
Michael E. Woods
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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John A. Montenieri
John A. Montenieri
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Rebecca J. Eisen
Rebecca J. Eisen
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Nordin S. Zeidner
Nordin S. Zeidner
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Jeff N. Borchert
Jeff N. Borchert
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Anne Laudisoit
Anne Laudisoit
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Nackson Babi
Nackson Babi
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Linda A. Atiku
Linda A. Atiku
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Russell E. Enscore
Russell E. Enscore
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Kenneth L. Gage
Kenneth L. Gage
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Human plague is found in the West Nile region of Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo where flea vectors are often found inhabiting homes. We have developed a multiplexed, real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting mitochondrial genes that is capable of detecting blood meal sources in fleas collected off-host in East Africa. Laboratory tests showed that the assay is specific for the intended targets and has a detection limit below one picogram of DNA. Testing of wild-caught fleas from the Democratic Republic of Congo suggests that humans are at significant risk from flea-borne disease and implicates domestic animals including cats, chickens, and the black rat as potential sources of human exposure to fleas and flea-borne diseases. Future application of the assay will help us better define the ecology of plague in East Africa to implement effective control measures to combat the spread of disease.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Perry RD, Fetherston JD, 1997. Yersinia pestis–etiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :35–66.
-
2
Gage KL, Kosoy MY, 2005. Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research. Annu Rev Entomol 50 :505–528.
-
3
WHO, 2002. Human plague in 2002 and 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :301–308.
-
4
WHO, 2005. Outbreak news index 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80 :433–440.
-
5
Hopkins G, 1949. Report on rats, fleas and plague in Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Standard, Ltd. 52.
-
6
Kilonzo BS, 1992. Observations on the epidemiology of plague in Tanzania during the period 1974–1988. East Afr Med J 69 :494–499.
-
7
Laudisoit A, Leirs H, Makundi RH, Van Dongen S, Davis S, Neerinckx S, Deckers J, Libois R, 2007. Plague and the human flea, Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :687–693.
-
8
Eisen RJ, Borchert JN, Holmes JL, Amatre G, Van Wyk K, Enscore RE, Babi N, Atiku LA, Wilder AP, Vetter SM, Bearden SW, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2008. Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and their potential role as vectors in a plague-endemic region of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :949–956.
-
9
Wilson DE, Reeder DM., eds., 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2, 142.
-
10
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1944. Feeding habits of the proven and possible mosquito vectors of western equine and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :131–134.
-
11
Burkot TR, Goodman WG, DeFoliart GR, 1981. Identification of mosquito blood meals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :1336–1341.
-
12
Ngo KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Identification of mosquito bloodmeals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with order-specific primers. J Med Entomol 40 :215–222.
-
13
Kent RJ, Norris DE, 2005. Identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome B. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :336–342.
-
14
Eisen RJ, Wilder AP, Bearden SW, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas. J Med Entomol 44 :678–682.
-
15
Sackal CLA, Kosoy M, Massung R, Eremeeva M, Karpathy S, Van Wyk K, Gabitzsch E, Zeidner N, 2008. Detection of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia felis DNA in Fleas Recovered from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :1972–1974.
-
16
Humair PF, Douet V, Cadenas FM, Schouls LM, Van De Pol I, Gern L, 2007. Molecular identification of bloodmeal source in Ixodes ricinus ticks using 12S rDNA as a genetic marker. J Med Entomol 44 :869–880.
-
17
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc Biol Sci 273 :2327–2333.
-
18
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4 :e82.
-
19
Gomes LA, Duarte R, Lima DC, Diniz BS, Serrao ML, Labarthe N, 2001. Comparison between precipitin and ELISA tests in the bloodmeal detection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) mosquitoes experimentally fed on feline, canine and human hosts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :693–695.
-
20
Eidson M, Tierney LA, Rollag OJ, Becker T, Brown T, Hull HF, 1988. Feline plague in New Mexico: risk factors and transmission to humans. Am J Public Health 78 :1333–1335.
-
21
Doll JM, Zeitz PS, Ettestad P, Bucholtz AL, Davis T, Gage K, 1994. Cat-transmitted fatal pneumonic plague in a person who traveled from Colorado to Arizona. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :109–114.
-
22
Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ, Pape WJ, Fritz CL, Carter LG, Stein JD, 2000. Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977–1998. Clin Infect Dis 30 :893–900.
-
23
Heisch RB, Grainger WE, St ADSJ, 1953. Results of a plague investigation in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 :503–521.
-
24
Christie AB, Chen TH, Elberg SS, 1980. Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics. J Infect Dis 141 :724–726.
-
25
Kilonzo BS, Sabuni CA, Lukiko KN, Msacky AL, Mkude RP, 2000. Species and population densities of domestic fleas in the Lushoto plague focus, Tanzania. Need for integrated pest managment approach for their control. Trop Pests Manage Bull 1 :11–15.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 815 | 749 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 290 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 10 | 1 |