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Leishmaniases in Bolivia: Comprehensive Review and Current Status
Ana L. García
Ana L. García
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Rudy Parrado
Rudy Parrado
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Ernesto Rojas
Ernesto Rojas
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Raúl Delgado
Raúl Delgado
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Jean-Claude Dujardin
Jean-Claude Dujardin
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Richard Reithinger
Richard Reithinger
CUMETROP, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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The leishmaniases are protozoan, zoonotic diseases transmitted to human and other mammal hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. Bolivia has the highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America (LA), with 33 cases per 100,000 population reported in 2006. CL is endemic in seven of the country’s nine administrative departments. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is comparatively rare and is restricted to one single focus. Most CL cases are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (85% cases); VL is caused by L. (L.) infantum. Seven sandfly species are incriminated as vectors and Leishmania infections have been detected in several non-human mammal hosts. Transmission is associated with forest-related activities, but recently, cases of autochthonous, urban transmission were reported. Because most cases are caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, Bolivia reports the greatest ratio (i.e., up to 20% of all cases) of mucosal leishmaniasis to localized CL cases in LA. Per national guidelines, both CL and VL cases are microscopically diagnosed and treated with pentavalent antimony.
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1
Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S, 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 7 :581–596.
-
2
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5 :873–882.
-
3
Bern C, Maguire JH, Alvar J, 2008. Complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 :e313.
-
4
World Health Organization, 2004. The World Health Report 2004. Changing History. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Altamirano-Enciso AJ, Marzochi MC, Moreira JS, Schubach AO, Marzochi KB, 2003. On the origin and spread of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, based on pre- and post-Colombian historical source. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 10 :852–882.
-
6
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7
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8
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9
Ministerio de Saúde, 2007. Available at: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/tabela_lva_deteccao.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2009.
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10
Anonymous, 2007. Leishmaniasis. Guía Operativa para el Control en Bolivia. Serie: Documentos Técnico-Normativos. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud.
-
11
Lawn SD, Whetham J, Chiodini PL, Kanagalingam J, Watson J, Behrens RH, Lockwood DN, 2004. New world mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging health problem among British travellers. QJM 97 :781–788.
-
12
Davies CR, Reithinger R, Campbell-Lendrum D, Feliciangeli D, Borges R, Rodriguez N, 2000. The epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis in Andean countries. Cad Saude Publica 16 :925–950.
-
13
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :239–243.
-
14
Yadon ZE, Quigley MA, Davies CR, Rodrigues LC, Segura EL, 2001. Assessment of leishmaniasis notification system in Santiago del Estero, Argentina, 1990–1993. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :27–30.
-
15
Copeland HW, Arana BA, Navin TR, 1990. Comparison of active and passive case detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :257–259.
-
16
Desjeux P, Mollinedo S, Le Pont F, Paredes A, Ugarte G, 1987. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia. A study of 185 human cases from Alto Beni (La Paz Department). Isolation and isoenzyme characterization of 26 strains of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :742–746.
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17
Espejo JM, Pratlong F, le Pont F, Mouchet J, Desjeux P, Rioux JA, 1989. Leishmaniasis in Bolivia. V. Human strains of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis from the Department of Pando. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84 :583.
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