ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR, 2002. Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :209–218.
-
2
Nosten F, White NJ, 2007. Artemisinin-based combination treatment of falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :181–192.
-
3
Zongo I, Dorsey G, Rouamba N, Tinto H, Dokomajilar C, Guiguemde RT, Rosenthal PJ, Ouedraogo JB, 2007. Artemether-lumefantrine versus amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 369 :491–498.
-
4
Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Masonga R, Dzinjalamala FK, Takala SL, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 355 :1959–1966.
-
5
ter Kuile FO, van Eijk AM, Filler SJ, 2007. Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 297 :2603–2616.
-
6
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Ruel T, Kekitiinwa A, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G, 2007. Effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and insecticide-treated bednets on malaria among HIV-infected Ugandan children. AIDS 21 :2059–2066.
-
7
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298 :210–213.
-
8
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Bolaji OM, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2006. Association between mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 genes and in vivo amodiaquine resistance in P. falciparum malaria-infected children in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :155–161.
-
9
Dokomajilar C, Lankoande ZM, Dorsey G, Zongo I, Ouedraogo JB, Rosenthal PJ, 2006. Roles of specific Plasmodium falciparum mutations in resistance to amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :162–165.
-
10
Gregson A, Plowe CV, 2005. Mechanisms of resistance of malaria parasites to antifolates. Pharmacol Rev 57 :117–145.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–S90.
-
12
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
-
13
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
-
14
Duraisingh MT, Jones P, Sambou I, von Seidlein L, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, 2000. The tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with increased sensitivity to the anti-malarials mefloquine and artemisinin. Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :13–23.
-
15
Pickard AL, Wongsrichanalai C, Purfield A, Kamwendo D, Emery K, Zalewski C, Kawamoto F, Miller RS, Meshnick SR, 2003. Resistance to antimalarials in southeast Asia and genetic polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 :2418–2423.
-
16
Woodrow CJ, Krishna S, 2006. Antimalarial drugs: recent advances in molecular determinants of resistance and their clinical significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 63 :1586–1596.
-
17
Dorsey G, Dokomajilar C, Kiggundu M, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Principal role of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in mediating resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in single-drug and combination therapy of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :758–763.
-
18
Staedke SG, Mpimbaza A, Kamya MR, Nzarubara BK, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Combination treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: randomised clinical trial. Lancet 364 :1950–1957.
-
19
Zongo I, Dorsey G, Rouamba N, Dokomajilar C, Lankoande M, Ouedraogo JB, Rosenthal PJ, 2005. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :826–832.
-
20
Lynch C, Pearce R, Pota H, Cox J, Abeku TA, Rwakimari J, Naidoo I, Tibenderana J, Roper C, 2008. Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda. J Infect Dis 197 :1598–1604.
-
21
Hamel MJ, Poe A, Bloland P, McCollum A, Zhou Z, Shi YP, Ouma P, Otieno K, Vulule J, Escalante A, Udhayakumar V, Slutsker L, 2008. Dihydrofolate reductase I164L mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates: clinical outcome of 14 Kenyan adults infected with parasites harbouring the I164L mutation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 :338–345.
-
22
Tahar R, Basco LK, 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXVII. Clinical and parasitological response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment and Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Cameroonian children. Acta Trop 103 :81–89.
-
23
Ndounga M, Tahar R, Basco LK, Casimiro PN, Malonga DA, Ntoumi F, 2007. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance in under 5-year olds in Brazzaville, Congo. Trop Med Int Health 12 :1164–1171.
-
24
Cohuet S, Bonnet M, Van Herp M, Van Overmeir C, D’Alessandro U, Guthmann JP, 2006. Short report: molecular markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :152–154.
-
25
Swarthout TD, van den Broek IV, Kayembe G, Montgomery J, Pota H, Roper C, 2006. Artesunate + amodiaquine and artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Democratic Republic of Congo: a clinical trial with determination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine-resistant haplotypes. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1503–1511.
-
26
Schunk M, Kumma WP, Miranda IB, Osman ME, Roewer S, Alano A, Loscher T, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP, 2006. High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia. Malar J 5 :54.
-
27
Aubouy A, Jafari S, Huart V, Migot-Nabias F, Mayombo J, Durand R, Bakary M, Le Bras J, Deloron P, 2003. DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :43–49.
-
28
Nsimba B, Guiyedi V, Mabika-Mamfoumbi M, Mourou-Mbina JR, Ngoungou E, Bouyou-Akotet M, Loembet R, Durand R, Le Bras J, Kombila M, 2008. Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine versus amodiaquine for treating uncomplicated childhood malaria in Gabon: a randomized trial to guide national policy. Malar J 7 :31.
-
29
Mockenhaupt FP, Teun Bousema J, Eggelte TA, Schreiber J, Ehrhardt S, Wassilew N, Otchwemah RN, Sauerwein RW, Bienzle U, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum dhfr but not dhps mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure and gametocyte carriage in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 10 :901–908.
-
30
Bonnet M, Roper C, Felix M, Coulibaly L, Kankolongo GM, Guthmann JP, 2007. Efficacy of antimalarial treatment in Guinea: in vivo study of two artemisinin combination therapies in Dabola and molecular markers of resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in N’Zerekore. Malar J 6 :54.
-
31
Kofoed PE, Alfrangis M, Poulsen A, Rodrigues A, Gjedde SB, Ronn A, Rombo L, 2004. Genetic markers of resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfonamides in Plasmodium falciparum parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of Escherichia coli from the same children in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Int Health 9 :171–177.
-
32
Nkhoma S, Molyneux M, Ward S, 2007. Molecular surveillance for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawi. Acta Trop 102 :138–142.
-
33
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
-
34
Enosse S, Magnussen P, Abacassamo F, Gomez-Olive X, Ronn AM, Thompson R, Alifrangis M, 2008. Rapid increase of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr/dhps resistant haplotypes, after the adoption of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as first line treatment in 2002, in southern Mozambique. Malar J 7 :115.
-
35
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Akinboye DO, Yusuf BO, Ebong OO, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2005. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria. Acta Trop 95 :183–193.
-
36
Henry M, Diallo I, Bordes J, Ka S, Pradines B, Diatta B, M’Baye PS, Sane M, Thiam M, Gueye PM, Wade B, Touze JE, Debonne JM, Rogier C, Fusai T, 2006. Urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal: chemosusceptibility and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :146–151.
-
37
A-Elbasit IE, Alifrangis M, Khalil IF, Bygbjerg IC, Masuadi EM, Elbashir MI, Giha HA, 2007. The implication of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase gene mutations in modification of Plasmodium falciparum characteristics. Malar J 6 :108.
-
38
Schonfeld M, Barreto Miranda I, Schunk M, Maduhu I, Maboko L, Hoelscher M, Berens-Riha N, Kitua A, Loscher T, 2007. Molecular surveillance of drug-resistance associated mutations of Plasmodium falciparum in south-west Tanzania. Malar J 6 :2.
-
39
Francis D, Nsobya SL, Talisuna A, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Machekano R, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance. J Infect Dis 193 :978–986.
-
40
Mkulama MA, Chishimba S, Sikalima J, Rouse P, Thuma PE, Mharakurwa S, 2008. Escalating Plasmodium falciparum antifolate drug resistance mutations in Macha, rural Zambia. Malar J 7 :87.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 222 | 198 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 331 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 102 | 6 | 3 |
Resistance-mediating Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Linda Mobula
Linda Mobula
Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Ecole de Santé Publique, Faculté de Medecine, Université de Kinshasa, Republique Démocratique du Congo
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Bruce Lilley
Bruce Lilley
Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Ecole de Santé Publique, Faculté de Medecine, Université de Kinshasa, Republique Démocratique du Congo
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Antoinette K. Tshefu
Antoinette K. Tshefu
Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Ecole de Santé Publique, Faculté de Medecine, Université de Kinshasa, Republique Démocratique du Congo
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Philip J. Rosenthal
Philip J. Rosenthal
Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Ecole de Santé Publique, Faculté de Medecine, Université de Kinshasa, Republique Démocratique du Congo
Search for other papers by Philip J. Rosenthal in
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Google Scholar
PubMed
Genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum are associated with resistance to a number of drugs, but data on their prevalence are limited from many areas. We explored the prevalence of key polymorphisms in patients presenting with malaria in Kinshasa. Prevalences of pfcrt K76T; pfmdr1 N86Y; pfdhfr N51I, C59R, and S108N; and pfdhps A437G were well above 50% and of pfmdr1 Y184F, N1042D, and D1246Y; pfdhfr I164L; and pfdhps K540E were low. These results suggest an intermediate level of resistance to aminoquinoline and antifolate antimalarials in Kinshasa compared with other areas of Africa.
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-
1
Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR, 2002. Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :209–218.
-
2
Nosten F, White NJ, 2007. Artemisinin-based combination treatment of falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :181–192.
-
3
Zongo I, Dorsey G, Rouamba N, Tinto H, Dokomajilar C, Guiguemde RT, Rosenthal PJ, Ouedraogo JB, 2007. Artemether-lumefantrine versus amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 369 :491–498.
-
4
Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Masonga R, Dzinjalamala FK, Takala SL, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 355 :1959–1966.
-
5
ter Kuile FO, van Eijk AM, Filler SJ, 2007. Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 297 :2603–2616.
-
6
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Ruel T, Kekitiinwa A, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G, 2007. Effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and insecticide-treated bednets on malaria among HIV-infected Ugandan children. AIDS 21 :2059–2066.
-
7
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298 :210–213.
-
8
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Bolaji OM, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2006. Association between mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 genes and in vivo amodiaquine resistance in P. falciparum malaria-infected children in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :155–161.
-
9
Dokomajilar C, Lankoande ZM, Dorsey G, Zongo I, Ouedraogo JB, Rosenthal PJ, 2006. Roles of specific Plasmodium falciparum mutations in resistance to amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :162–165.
-
10
Gregson A, Plowe CV, 2005. Mechanisms of resistance of malaria parasites to antifolates. Pharmacol Rev 57 :117–145.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–S90.
-
12
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
-
13
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89 :1–8.
-
14
Duraisingh MT, Jones P, Sambou I, von Seidlein L, Pinder M, Warhurst DC, 2000. The tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with increased sensitivity to the anti-malarials mefloquine and artemisinin. Mol Biochem Parasitol 108 :13–23.
-
15
Pickard AL, Wongsrichanalai C, Purfield A, Kamwendo D, Emery K, Zalewski C, Kawamoto F, Miller RS, Meshnick SR, 2003. Resistance to antimalarials in southeast Asia and genetic polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 :2418–2423.
-
16
Woodrow CJ, Krishna S, 2006. Antimalarial drugs: recent advances in molecular determinants of resistance and their clinical significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 63 :1586–1596.
-
17
Dorsey G, Dokomajilar C, Kiggundu M, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Principal role of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in mediating resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in single-drug and combination therapy of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :758–763.
-
18
Staedke SG, Mpimbaza A, Kamya MR, Nzarubara BK, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Combination treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: randomised clinical trial. Lancet 364 :1950–1957.
-
19
Zongo I, Dorsey G, Rouamba N, Dokomajilar C, Lankoande M, Ouedraogo JB, Rosenthal PJ, 2005. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :826–832.
-
20
Lynch C, Pearce R, Pota H, Cox J, Abeku TA, Rwakimari J, Naidoo I, Tibenderana J, Roper C, 2008. Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda. J Infect Dis 197 :1598–1604.
-
21
Hamel MJ, Poe A, Bloland P, McCollum A, Zhou Z, Shi YP, Ouma P, Otieno K, Vulule J, Escalante A, Udhayakumar V, Slutsker L, 2008. Dihydrofolate reductase I164L mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates: clinical outcome of 14 Kenyan adults infected with parasites harbouring the I164L mutation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 :338–345.
-
22
Tahar R, Basco LK, 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XXVII. Clinical and parasitological response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment and Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Cameroonian children. Acta Trop 103 :81–89.
-
23
Ndounga M, Tahar R, Basco LK, Casimiro PN, Malonga DA, Ntoumi F, 2007. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance in under 5-year olds in Brazzaville, Congo. Trop Med Int Health 12 :1164–1171.
-
24
Cohuet S, Bonnet M, Van Herp M, Van Overmeir C, D’Alessandro U, Guthmann JP, 2006. Short report: molecular markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :152–154.
-
25
Swarthout TD, van den Broek IV, Kayembe G, Montgomery J, Pota H, Roper C, 2006. Artesunate + amodiaquine and artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Democratic Republic of Congo: a clinical trial with determination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine-resistant haplotypes. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1503–1511.
-
26
Schunk M, Kumma WP, Miranda IB, Osman ME, Roewer S, Alano A, Loscher T, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP, 2006. High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia. Malar J 5 :54.
-
27
Aubouy A, Jafari S, Huart V, Migot-Nabias F, Mayombo J, Durand R, Bakary M, Le Bras J, Deloron P, 2003. DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :43–49.
-
28
Nsimba B, Guiyedi V, Mabika-Mamfoumbi M, Mourou-Mbina JR, Ngoungou E, Bouyou-Akotet M, Loembet R, Durand R, Le Bras J, Kombila M, 2008. Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine versus amodiaquine for treating uncomplicated childhood malaria in Gabon: a randomized trial to guide national policy. Malar J 7 :31.
-
29
Mockenhaupt FP, Teun Bousema J, Eggelte TA, Schreiber J, Ehrhardt S, Wassilew N, Otchwemah RN, Sauerwein RW, Bienzle U, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum dhfr but not dhps mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure and gametocyte carriage in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 10 :901–908.
-
30
Bonnet M, Roper C, Felix M, Coulibaly L, Kankolongo GM, Guthmann JP, 2007. Efficacy of antimalarial treatment in Guinea: in vivo study of two artemisinin combination therapies in Dabola and molecular markers of resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in N’Zerekore. Malar J 6 :54.
-
31
Kofoed PE, Alfrangis M, Poulsen A, Rodrigues A, Gjedde SB, Ronn A, Rombo L, 2004. Genetic markers of resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfonamides in Plasmodium falciparum parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of Escherichia coli from the same children in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Int Health 9 :171–177.
-
32
Nkhoma S, Molyneux M, Ward S, 2007. Molecular surveillance for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawi. Acta Trop 102 :138–142.
-
33
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
-
34
Enosse S, Magnussen P, Abacassamo F, Gomez-Olive X, Ronn AM, Thompson R, Alifrangis M, 2008. Rapid increase of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr/dhps resistant haplotypes, after the adoption of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as first line treatment in 2002, in southern Mozambique. Malar J 7 :115.
-
35
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Akinboye DO, Yusuf BO, Ebong OO, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2005. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria. Acta Trop 95 :183–193.
-
36
Henry M, Diallo I, Bordes J, Ka S, Pradines B, Diatta B, M’Baye PS, Sane M, Thiam M, Gueye PM, Wade B, Touze JE, Debonne JM, Rogier C, Fusai T, 2006. Urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal: chemosusceptibility and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :146–151.
-
37
A-Elbasit IE, Alifrangis M, Khalil IF, Bygbjerg IC, Masuadi EM, Elbashir MI, Giha HA, 2007. The implication of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase gene mutations in modification of Plasmodium falciparum characteristics. Malar J 6 :108.
-
38
Schonfeld M, Barreto Miranda I, Schunk M, Maduhu I, Maboko L, Hoelscher M, Berens-Riha N, Kitua A, Loscher T, 2007. Molecular surveillance of drug-resistance associated mutations of Plasmodium falciparum in south-west Tanzania. Malar J 6 :2.
-
39
Francis D, Nsobya SL, Talisuna A, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Machekano R, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance. J Infect Dis 193 :978–986.
-
40
Mkulama MA, Chishimba S, Sikalima J, Rouse P, Thuma PE, Mharakurwa S, 2008. Escalating Plasmodium falciparum antifolate drug resistance mutations in Macha, rural Zambia. Malar J 7 :87.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 222 | 198 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 331 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 102 | 6 | 3 |