ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124 :1121–1136.
-
2
Bentler KT, Hall JS, Root JJ, Klenk K, Schmit B, Blackwell BF, Ramey PC, Clark L, 2007. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus exposure in North American mesopredators. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :173–179.
-
3
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
4
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
5
Komar N, Panella NA, Boyce E, 2001. Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile Virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :736–738.
-
6
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
7
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
8
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
9
Davis A, Bunning M, Gordy P, Panella N, Blitvich B, Bowen R, 2005. Experimental and natural infection of North American bats with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :467–469.
-
10
Teehee ML, Bunning ML, Stevens S, Bowen RA, 2005. Experimental infection of pigs with West Nile virus. Arch Virol 150 :1249–1256.
-
11
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS, 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :697–701.
-
12
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
13
Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Halbur PG, Tiawsirisup S, Blitvich BJ, Fabiosa FG, Bartholomay LC, Rowley WA, 2007. West Nile virus viremia in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) sufficient for infecting different mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :831–837.
-
14
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, da Rosa A, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile Virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
15
Koprowski JL, 1994. Sciurus carolinensis. Mamm Species 479 :1–9.
-
16
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
-
17
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
18
Padgett KA, Reisen WK, Kahl-Purcell N, Fang Y, Cahoon-Young B, Carney R, Anderson N, Zucca L, Woods L, Husted S, Kramer VL, 2007. West Nile virus infection in tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in California, 2004–2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :810–813.
-
19
Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2006. Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :337–345.
-
20
Styer LM, Kent KA, Albright RG, Bennett CJ, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2007. Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. Plos Pathogens 3 :1262–1270.
-
21
Payne AF, Binduga-Gajewska I, Kauffman EB, Kramer LD, 2006. Quantitation of flaviviruses by fluorescent focus assay. J Virol Methods 134 :183–189.
-
22
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Dalrymple JM, Shope RE, Porter-field JS, Westaway EG, Brandt WE, 1989. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. J Gen Virol 70 :37–43.
-
23
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Nicholas D, Young D, Maffei J, Kramer LD, 2002. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :979–982.
-
24
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis D, Bowen R, Bunning ML, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
25
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42 :367–375.
-
26
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Evans RB, Rowley WA, 2005. A comparison of West Nile virus transmission by Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.) Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :40–47.
-
27
Gomez A, Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Dupuis AP, Jones MJ, Goetz SJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, Aguirre AA, 2008. Land use and West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild mammals. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :962–965.
-
28
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 273 :2327–2333.
-
29
Molaei G, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Voss-brinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :468–474.
-
30
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :360–378.
-
31
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Alleyne EO, Dobson AP, Daszak P, 2005. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :425–429.
-
32
Truemper EJ, Romero JR, 2007. West Nile virus. Pediatr Ann 36 :414–422.
-
33
Lichtensteiger CA, Heinz-Taheny K, Osborne TS, Novak RJ, Lewis BA, Firth ML, 2003. West Nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1303–1306.
-
34
Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M, 2001. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occurring West Nile Virus infection in horses. Vet Pathol 38 :414–421.
-
35
Del Piero F, Stremme DW, Habecker PL, Cantile C, 2006. West Nile flavivirus polioencephalomyelitis in a Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Vet Pathol 43 :58–61.
-
36
Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, Reiber K, Veress JF, Armbrustmacher V, 2000. The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection. Hum Pathol 31 :527–531.
-
37
Pergam SA, Delong CE, Echevarria L, Scully G, Goade DE, 2006. Case report: myocarditis in West Nile Virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1232–1233.
-
38
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
39
Dawson JR, Stone WB, Ebel GD, Young DS, Galinski DS, Pensabene JP, Franke MA, Eidson M, Kramer LD, 2007. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1912–1914.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 209 | 188 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 192 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 39 | 6 | 1 |
Experimental Infection of Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with West Nile Virus
Andrés Gómez
Andrés Gómez
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Laura D. Kramer
Laura D. Kramer
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Alan P. Dupuis II
Alan P. Dupuis II
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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A. Marm Kilpatrick
A. Marm Kilpatrick
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Lauren J. Davis
Lauren J. Davis
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Matthew J. Jones
Matthew J. Jones
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Peter Daszak
Peter Daszak
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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A. Alonso Aguirre
A. Alonso Aguirre
Columbia University, New York, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Wildlife Trust, New York, New York
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Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) have shown high West Nile virus (WNV) seroprevalence, and WNV infection has been suggested as a cause of morbidity and mortality in this species. We experimentally infected nine eastern gray squirrels with WNV to determine the clinical effects of infection and to assess their potential role as amplifying hosts. We observed no morbidity or mortality attributable to WNV infection, but lesions were apparent in several organs. We detected mean viremias of 105.1 and 104.8 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL on days 3 and 4 post-infection (DPI) and estimated that ~2.1% of Culex pipiens feeding on squirrels during 1–5 DPI would become infectious. Thus, S. carolinensis are unlikely to be important amplifying hosts and may instead dampen the intensity of transmission in most host communities. The low viremias and lack of mortality observed in S. carolinensis suggest that they may be useful as sentinels of spillover from the enzootic amplification cycle.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124 :1121–1136.
-
2
Bentler KT, Hall JS, Root JJ, Klenk K, Schmit B, Blackwell BF, Ramey PC, Clark L, 2007. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus exposure in North American mesopredators. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :173–179.
-
3
Dietrich G, Montenieri JA, Panella NA, Langevin S, Lasater SE, Klenk K, Kile JC, Komar N, 2005. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, Slidell, Louisiana, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :288–292.
-
4
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
-
5
Komar N, Panella NA, Boyce E, 2001. Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile Virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :736–738.
-
6
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Gansowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
7
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
8
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
9
Davis A, Bunning M, Gordy P, Panella N, Blitvich B, Bowen R, 2005. Experimental and natural infection of North American bats with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :467–469.
-
10
Teehee ML, Bunning ML, Stevens S, Bowen RA, 2005. Experimental infection of pigs with West Nile virus. Arch Virol 150 :1249–1256.
-
11
Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS, 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :697–701.
-
12
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Rowley WA, 2005. Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :342–350.
-
13
Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Halbur PG, Tiawsirisup S, Blitvich BJ, Fabiosa FG, Bartholomay LC, Rowley WA, 2007. West Nile virus viremia in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) sufficient for infecting different mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :831–837.
-
14
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, da Rosa A, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile Virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
15
Koprowski JL, 1994. Sciurus carolinensis. Mamm Species 479 :1–9.
-
16
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
-
17
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
18
Padgett KA, Reisen WK, Kahl-Purcell N, Fang Y, Cahoon-Young B, Carney R, Anderson N, Zucca L, Woods L, Husted S, Kramer VL, 2007. West Nile virus infection in tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in California, 2004–2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :810–813.
-
19
Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2006. Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :337–345.
-
20
Styer LM, Kent KA, Albright RG, Bennett CJ, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2007. Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. Plos Pathogens 3 :1262–1270.
-
21
Payne AF, Binduga-Gajewska I, Kauffman EB, Kramer LD, 2006. Quantitation of flaviviruses by fluorescent focus assay. J Virol Methods 134 :183–189.
-
22
Calisher CH, Karabatsos N, Dalrymple JM, Shope RE, Porter-field JS, Westaway EG, Brandt WE, 1989. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. J Gen Virol 70 :37–43.
-
23
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Nicholas D, Young D, Maffei J, Kramer LD, 2002. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :979–982.
-
24
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis D, Bowen R, Bunning ML, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
25
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42 :367–375.
-
26
Tiawsirisup S, Platt KB, Evans RB, Rowley WA, 2005. A comparison of West Nile virus transmission by Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.) Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :40–47.
-
27
Gomez A, Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Dupuis AP, Jones MJ, Goetz SJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, Aguirre AA, 2008. Land use and West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild mammals. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :962–965.
-
28
Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 273 :2327–2333.
-
29
Molaei G, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Voss-brinck CR, 2006. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :468–474.
-
30
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :360–378.
-
31
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Alleyne EO, Dobson AP, Daszak P, 2005. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :425–429.
-
32
Truemper EJ, Romero JR, 2007. West Nile virus. Pediatr Ann 36 :414–422.
-
33
Lichtensteiger CA, Heinz-Taheny K, Osborne TS, Novak RJ, Lewis BA, Firth ML, 2003. West Nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1303–1306.
-
34
Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M, 2001. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occurring West Nile Virus infection in horses. Vet Pathol 38 :414–421.
-
35
Del Piero F, Stremme DW, Habecker PL, Cantile C, 2006. West Nile flavivirus polioencephalomyelitis in a Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Vet Pathol 43 :58–61.
-
36
Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, Reiber K, Veress JF, Armbrustmacher V, 2000. The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection. Hum Pathol 31 :527–531.
-
37
Pergam SA, Delong CE, Echevarria L, Scully G, Goade DE, 2006. Case report: myocarditis in West Nile Virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1232–1233.
-
38
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
39
Dawson JR, Stone WB, Ebel GD, Young DS, Galinski DS, Pensabene JP, Franke MA, Eidson M, Kramer LD, 2007. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1912–1914.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 209 | 188 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 192 | 6 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 39 | 6 | 1 |