ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Killeen GF, Tanner M, Mukabana WR, Kalongolela MS, Kannady K, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U, de Castro MC, 2006. Habitat targeting for controlling aquatic stages of malaria vectors in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :517–518.
-
2
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Singer BH, 2001. Efficacy and cost effectiveness of environmental management for malaria control. Trop Med Int Health 6 :677–687.
-
3
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BGJ, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1 :8.
-
4
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna LC, Knols BGJ, 2002. Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infect Dis 2 :618–627.
-
5
Shililu J, Mbogo C, Ghebremeskel T, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in Eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on Anopheles arabiensis population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :103–110.
-
6
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Doumani F, Singer BH, 2002. The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian copper-belt between 1930 and 1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
7
Fillinger U, Knols BG, Becker N, 2003. Efficacy and efficiency of new Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus formulations against Afrotropical anophelines in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :37–47.
-
8
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
9
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1629–1642.
-
10
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6 :76.
-
11
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuehler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 7 :20.
-
12
Soper FL, Wilson DB, 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil: 1930 to 1940. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.
-
13
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
14
Gillies MT, DeMeillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
15
Giglioli MEC, Thornton I, 1965. The mangrove swamps of Keneba, Lower Gambia river basin. 1. Descriptive notes on the climate, the mangrove swamps and the physical composition of their soils. J Appl Ecol 2 :81–103.
-
16
Bøgh C, Clarke SE, Jawara M, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2003. Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa. Bull Entomol Res 93 :279–287.
-
17
Bertram DS, McGregor IA, McFadzean JA, 1958. Mosquitoes of the colony and protectorate of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :135–151.
-
18
Giglioli ME, 1964. Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in The Gambia. River Malariol 43 :245–263.
-
19
Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2000. Local-scale variation in malaria infection amongst rural Gambian children estimated by satellite remote sensing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :159–163.
-
20
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Schellenberg JRMA, Hemingway J, Thomas PJ, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa: 3. Entomological characteristics of the study area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :19–23.
-
21
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
22
Minakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 1999. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of Anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :1010–1016.
-
23
Mutuku F, Alaii JA, Bayoh MN, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Walker ED, Kabiru E, Hawley WA, 2006. Distribution, description and local knowledge of larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in a village in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :44–53.
-
24
Mwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Muturi EJ, Nzovu JG, Githure JI, Yan G, Minakawa N, Novak R, Beier JC, 2007. Spatial distribution and habitat characterisation of Anopheles larvae along the Kenyan coast. J Vector Borne Dis 44 :44–51.
-
25
Sogoba N, Doumbia S, Vounatsou P, Baber I, Keita M, Maiga M, Traore SF, Toure A, Dolo G, Smith T, Ribeiro JM, 2007. Monitoring of larval habitats and mosquito densities in the Sudan savanna of Mali: implications for malaria vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :82–88.
-
26
Dunsmore J, Blair Rains A, Lowe G, Moffatt D, Anderson I, Williams J, 1976. The Agricultural Development of The Gambia: An Agricultural, Environmental and Socioeconomic Analysis. Land Resources Study 22. Surrey, UK: Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development.
-
27
Giglioli ME, 1965. Oviposition by Anopheles melas and its effect on egg survival during the dry season in The Gambia, West Africa. Ann Entomol Soc Am 58 :885–891.
-
28
Gelfand HM, 1955. Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles melas Theobald in a coastal area of Liberia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :508–527.
-
29
Barber AM, Olinger MT, Putnam P, 1931. Studies on malaria in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 25 :461–501.
-
30
Chwatt LJ, 1945. Studies on the melanic variety of Anopheles gambiae in southern Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :22–30.
-
31
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSAT TM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :875–881.
-
32
Service MW, 1997. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal—the long and short of it. J Med Entomol 34 :579–588.
-
33
Trape JF, Lefebvre-Zante E, Legros F, Bouganali GN, Druilhe P, Salem G, 1992. Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :181–189.
-
34
Clarke SE, Bøgh C, Brown RC, Walraven GE, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2002. Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :499–506.
-
35
Ijumba J, Lindsay S, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
36
Service MW, 1989. Rice, a challenge to health. Parasitol Today 5 :162–165.
-
37
Snow WF, 1983. Mosquito production and species succession from an area of irrigated rice fields in The Gambia, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86 :237–245.
-
38
Lindsay SW, Wilkins HA, Zieler HA, Daly RJ, Petrarca V, Byass P, 1991. Ability of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to transmit malaria during the dry and wet seasons in an area of irrigated rice cultivation in The Gambia. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :313–324.
-
39
Briet OJ, Dossou-Yovo J, Akodo E, van de Giesen N, Teuscher TM, 2003. The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah zone and forest zone of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :439–448.
-
40
Klinkenberg E, McCall PJ, Hastings IM, Wilson MD, Amerasinghe FP, Donnelly MJ, 2005. Malaria and irrigated crops, Accra, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1290–1293.
-
41
Mwangangi J, Shililu J, Muturi E, Gu W, Mbogo C, Kabiru E, Jacob B, Githure J, Novak R, 2006. Dynamics of immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in Kenya. J Vector Ecol 31 :245–251.
-
42
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1951. Mosquito Behaviour in Relation to Malaria Transmission and Control in the Tropics. London: Edward Arnold & Co.
-
43
Holstein MH, 1954. Biology of Anopheles gambiae. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
44
Najera JA, Zaim M, 2002. Malaria Vector Control—Decision Making Criteria and Procedures for Judicious Use of Insecticides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
45
Service MW, 1971. Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull World Health Organ 45 :169–180.
-
46
Robert V, Le Goff G, Ariey F, Duchemin JB, 2002. A possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields. Malar J 1 :4.
-
47
Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, Becker N, 2004. The practical importance of permanent and semi-permanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1274–1289.
-
48
Toure ′ YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankare O, Sow M, Di Deco MA, Coluzzi M, 1998. The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitologia 40 :477–511.
-
49
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA, 2001. Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in Western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :282–288.
-
50
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
51
Sattler MA, Mtasiwa D, Kiama M, Premji Z, Tanner M, Killeen GF, Lengeler C, 2005. Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. Malar J 4 :4.
-
52
Boyd M, 1949. Malariology. A Comprehensive Survey of All Aspects of This Group of Diseases From a Global Standpoint. Philadelphia: Saunders.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 178 | 118 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 294 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 4 | 0 |
Spatial Distribution of Mosquito Larvae and the Potential for Targeted Larval Control in The Gambia
Silas Majambere
Silas Majambere
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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Ulrike Fillinger
Ulrike Fillinger
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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David R. Sayer
David R. Sayer
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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Clare Green
Clare Green
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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Steven W. Lindsay
Steven W. Lindsay
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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We examined the distribution of aquatic stages of malaria vectors in a 400-km2 area in rural Gambia to assess the practicality of targeting larval control. During the rainy season, the peak period of malaria transmission, breeding sites were 70% more likely to have anopheline larvae in the floodplain of the Gambia River than upland sites (P < 0.001). However, mosquitoes were found in some examples of all habitats, apart from moving water. Habitats most often colonized by anopheline larvae were the largest water bodies, situated near the landward edge of the flood-plain, where culicine larvae were present. In the wet season, 49% of sites had anophelines versus 19% in the dry season (P < 0.001). Larval control targeted at specific habitats is unlikely to be successful in this setting. Nonetheless, larval control initiated at the end of the dry season and run throughout the rainy season could help reduce transmission.
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ProCite
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EndNote
-
1
Killeen GF, Tanner M, Mukabana WR, Kalongolela MS, Kannady K, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U, de Castro MC, 2006. Habitat targeting for controlling aquatic stages of malaria vectors in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :517–518.
-
2
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Singer BH, 2001. Efficacy and cost effectiveness of environmental management for malaria control. Trop Med Int Health 6 :677–687.
-
3
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BGJ, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1 :8.
-
4
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna LC, Knols BGJ, 2002. Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infect Dis 2 :618–627.
-
5
Shililu J, Mbogo C, Ghebremeskel T, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in Eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on Anopheles arabiensis population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :103–110.
-
6
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Doumani F, Singer BH, 2002. The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian copper-belt between 1930 and 1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
7
Fillinger U, Knols BG, Becker N, 2003. Efficacy and efficiency of new Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus formulations against Afrotropical anophelines in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :37–47.
-
8
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
9
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1629–1642.
-
10
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6 :76.
-
11
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuehler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 7 :20.
-
12
Soper FL, Wilson DB, 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil: 1930 to 1940. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.
-
13
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
14
Gillies MT, DeMeillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
15
Giglioli MEC, Thornton I, 1965. The mangrove swamps of Keneba, Lower Gambia river basin. 1. Descriptive notes on the climate, the mangrove swamps and the physical composition of their soils. J Appl Ecol 2 :81–103.
-
16
Bøgh C, Clarke SE, Jawara M, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2003. Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa. Bull Entomol Res 93 :279–287.
-
17
Bertram DS, McGregor IA, McFadzean JA, 1958. Mosquitoes of the colony and protectorate of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52 :135–151.
-
18
Giglioli ME, 1964. Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in The Gambia. River Malariol 43 :245–263.
-
19
Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2000. Local-scale variation in malaria infection amongst rural Gambian children estimated by satellite remote sensing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :159–163.
-
20
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Schellenberg JRMA, Hemingway J, Thomas PJ, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM, 1993. A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa: 3. Entomological characteristics of the study area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :19–23.
-
21
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :520–529.
-
22
Minakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G, 1999. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of Anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :1010–1016.
-
23
Mutuku F, Alaii JA, Bayoh MN, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Walker ED, Kabiru E, Hawley WA, 2006. Distribution, description and local knowledge of larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in a village in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :44–53.
-
24
Mwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Muturi EJ, Nzovu JG, Githure JI, Yan G, Minakawa N, Novak R, Beier JC, 2007. Spatial distribution and habitat characterisation of Anopheles larvae along the Kenyan coast. J Vector Borne Dis 44 :44–51.
-
25
Sogoba N, Doumbia S, Vounatsou P, Baber I, Keita M, Maiga M, Traore SF, Toure A, Dolo G, Smith T, Ribeiro JM, 2007. Monitoring of larval habitats and mosquito densities in the Sudan savanna of Mali: implications for malaria vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :82–88.
-
26
Dunsmore J, Blair Rains A, Lowe G, Moffatt D, Anderson I, Williams J, 1976. The Agricultural Development of The Gambia: An Agricultural, Environmental and Socioeconomic Analysis. Land Resources Study 22. Surrey, UK: Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development.
-
27
Giglioli ME, 1965. Oviposition by Anopheles melas and its effect on egg survival during the dry season in The Gambia, West Africa. Ann Entomol Soc Am 58 :885–891.
-
28
Gelfand HM, 1955. Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles melas Theobald in a coastal area of Liberia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :508–527.
-
29
Barber AM, Olinger MT, Putnam P, 1931. Studies on malaria in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 25 :461–501.
-
30
Chwatt LJ, 1945. Studies on the melanic variety of Anopheles gambiae in southern Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :22–30.
-
31
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSAT TM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :875–881.
-
32
Service MW, 1997. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal—the long and short of it. J Med Entomol 34 :579–588.
-
33
Trape JF, Lefebvre-Zante E, Legros F, Bouganali GN, Druilhe P, Salem G, 1992. Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :181–189.
-
34
Clarke SE, Bøgh C, Brown RC, Walraven GE, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2002. Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :499–506.
-
35
Ijumba J, Lindsay S, 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med Vet Entomol 15 :1–11.
-
36
Service MW, 1989. Rice, a challenge to health. Parasitol Today 5 :162–165.
-
37
Snow WF, 1983. Mosquito production and species succession from an area of irrigated rice fields in The Gambia, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86 :237–245.
-
38
Lindsay SW, Wilkins HA, Zieler HA, Daly RJ, Petrarca V, Byass P, 1991. Ability of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to transmit malaria during the dry and wet seasons in an area of irrigated rice cultivation in The Gambia. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :313–324.
-
39
Briet OJ, Dossou-Yovo J, Akodo E, van de Giesen N, Teuscher TM, 2003. The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah zone and forest zone of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :439–448.
-
40
Klinkenberg E, McCall PJ, Hastings IM, Wilson MD, Amerasinghe FP, Donnelly MJ, 2005. Malaria and irrigated crops, Accra, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1290–1293.
-
41
Mwangangi J, Shililu J, Muturi E, Gu W, Mbogo C, Kabiru E, Jacob B, Githure J, Novak R, 2006. Dynamics of immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in Kenya. J Vector Ecol 31 :245–251.
-
42
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1951. Mosquito Behaviour in Relation to Malaria Transmission and Control in the Tropics. London: Edward Arnold & Co.
-
43
Holstein MH, 1954. Biology of Anopheles gambiae. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
44
Najera JA, Zaim M, 2002. Malaria Vector Control—Decision Making Criteria and Procedures for Judicious Use of Insecticides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
45
Service MW, 1971. Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull World Health Organ 45 :169–180.
-
46
Robert V, Le Goff G, Ariey F, Duchemin JB, 2002. A possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields. Malar J 1 :4.
-
47
Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ, Becker N, 2004. The practical importance of permanent and semi-permanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1274–1289.
-
48
Toure ′ YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankare O, Sow M, Di Deco MA, Coluzzi M, 1998. The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitologia 40 :477–511.
-
49
Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA, 2001. Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in Western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38 :282–288.
-
50
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
51
Sattler MA, Mtasiwa D, Kiama M, Premji Z, Tanner M, Killeen GF, Lengeler C, 2005. Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. Malar J 4 :4.
-
52
Boyd M, 1949. Malariology. A Comprehensive Survey of All Aspects of This Group of Diseases From a Global Standpoint. Philadelphia: Saunders.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 178 | 118 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 294 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 4 | 0 |