ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 2007. Technical Consultation on Specifications and Quality Control of Netting Materials and Mosquito Nets. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Grabowsky M, Nobiya T, Ahun M, Donna R, Lengor M, Zimmerman D, Ladd H, Hoekstra E, Bello A, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Amofah G, 2005. Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ 83 :195–201.
-
4
Ghana Statistical Services, 2000. Poverty Trends in the 1990s. Accra: Ghana Statistical Services.
-
5
NetMark Regional Africa Program, 2000. Insecticide Treated Materials in Ghana: NetMark Regional Africa Program Briefing Book. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development.
-
6
Lide DR, ed., 2000. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Eighty-first edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 14–14.
-
7
Jenkins R, 1999. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Second edition. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 144–145.
-
8
Maxwell CA, Rwegoshora RT, Magesa SM, Curtis CF, 2006. Comparison of coverage with insecticide-treated nets in a Tanzanian town and villages where nets and insecticide are either marketed or provided free of charge. Malar J 5 :44 (E-pub May 21).
-
9
Shirayama Y, Phompida S, Kuriowa C, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Kobayashi J, 2007. Maintenance behaviour and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) previously introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Public Health 121 :122–129.
-
10
Lines JD, Myamba J, Curtis CF, 1987. Experimental hut trials of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and eave curtains against malaria vectors in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1 :37–51.
-
11
Curtis CF, Myamba J, Wilkes TJ, 1996. Comparison of different insecticides and fabrics for anti-mosquito bednets and curtains. Med Vet Entomol 10 :1–11.
-
12
Darriet F, N’Guessan R, Koffi AA, Konan L, Doannio JMC, Chandre F, Carnevale P, 2000. Impact of the resistance to pyrethroids on the efficacy of impregnated bednets used as a means of prevention against malaria: results of the evaluation carried out with deltamethrin SC in experimental huts. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93 :131–134.
-
13
Asidi AN, N’Guessan R, Hutchinson RA, Traoré-Lamizana M, Carnevale P, Curtis CF, 2004. Experimental hut comparisons of nets treated with carbamate or pyrethroid insecticides, washed or unwashed, against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 18 :134–140.
-
14
Asidi AN, N’Guessan R, Koffi AA, Curtis CF, Hougard J-M, Chandre F, Corbel V, Darriet F, Zaim M, Rowland MW, 2005. Experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Malar J 4 :25 (E-pub May 26).
-
15
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effects of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malaria morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7 :1003–1008.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 118 | 90 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 123 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 3 | 0 |
Evaluation of Bednets After 38 Months of Household Use in Northwest Ghana
Stephen C. Smith
Stephen C. Smith
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Stephen C. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephen C. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Uday B. Joshi
Uday B. Joshi
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Uday B. Joshi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Uday B. Joshi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mark Grabowsky
Mark Grabowsky
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Mark Grabowsky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mark Grabowsky in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joel Selanikio
Joel Selanikio
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Joel Selanikio in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joel Selanikio in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Theresa Nobiya
Theresa Nobiya
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Theresa Nobiya in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Theresa Nobiya in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Thomas Aapore
Thomas Aapore
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia; American Red Cross, Washington, District of Columbia; Data Dyne Group, Washington, District of Columbia; Ghana Red Cross, Accra, Ghana
Search for other papers by Thomas Aapore in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thomas Aapore in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A total of 255 bednets were collected 38 months after distribution in Lawra District of northwest Ghana to examine their physical condition and residual insecticide levels. Physical condition varied from nearly pristine to highly damaged. In 50 selected nets, 2023 holes ≥ 0.5 cm and 31 holes ≥ 10 cm were counted. The incidence of holes increases toward the bottom edge of the net. Seam failures were found in 50% of the nets. Repairs, mostly sewn, were evident in 64% of the nets. Using a combination of bromine x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and cone bioassays, it was determined that 14.9% of the nets had retained full insecticidal strength. These results highlight the value of real-world data on bednet longevity to guide decisions regarding mosquito control strategies, bednet purchasing, frequency of bednet replacement, and product development.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 2007. Technical Consultation on Specifications and Quality Control of Netting Materials and Mosquito Nets. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Grabowsky M, Nobiya T, Ahun M, Donna R, Lengor M, Zimmerman D, Ladd H, Hoekstra E, Bello A, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Amofah G, 2005. Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ 83 :195–201.
-
4
Ghana Statistical Services, 2000. Poverty Trends in the 1990s. Accra: Ghana Statistical Services.
-
5
NetMark Regional Africa Program, 2000. Insecticide Treated Materials in Ghana: NetMark Regional Africa Program Briefing Book. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development.
-
6
Lide DR, ed., 2000. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Eighty-first edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 14–14.
-
7
Jenkins R, 1999. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Second edition. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 144–145.
-
8
Maxwell CA, Rwegoshora RT, Magesa SM, Curtis CF, 2006. Comparison of coverage with insecticide-treated nets in a Tanzanian town and villages where nets and insecticide are either marketed or provided free of charge. Malar J 5 :44 (E-pub May 21).
-
9
Shirayama Y, Phompida S, Kuriowa C, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Kobayashi J, 2007. Maintenance behaviour and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) previously introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Public Health 121 :122–129.
-
10
Lines JD, Myamba J, Curtis CF, 1987. Experimental hut trials of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and eave curtains against malaria vectors in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1 :37–51.
-
11
Curtis CF, Myamba J, Wilkes TJ, 1996. Comparison of different insecticides and fabrics for anti-mosquito bednets and curtains. Med Vet Entomol 10 :1–11.
-
12
Darriet F, N’Guessan R, Koffi AA, Konan L, Doannio JMC, Chandre F, Carnevale P, 2000. Impact of the resistance to pyrethroids on the efficacy of impregnated bednets used as a means of prevention against malaria: results of the evaluation carried out with deltamethrin SC in experimental huts. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93 :131–134.
-
13
Asidi AN, N’Guessan R, Hutchinson RA, Traoré-Lamizana M, Carnevale P, Curtis CF, 2004. Experimental hut comparisons of nets treated with carbamate or pyrethroid insecticides, washed or unwashed, against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 18 :134–140.
-
14
Asidi AN, N’Guessan R, Koffi AA, Curtis CF, Hougard J-M, Chandre F, Corbel V, Darriet F, Zaim M, Rowland MW, 2005. Experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Malar J 4 :25 (E-pub May 26).
-
15
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effects of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malaria morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7 :1003–1008.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 118 | 90 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 123 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 3 | 0 |