ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The Global Burden of Typhoid Fever. Bull WHO 82 :346–353.
-
2
Wain J, Kidgell C, 2004. The emergence of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents for the treatment of typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :423–430.
-
3
Rowe B, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ, 1990. Spread of multiresistant Salmonella typhi.Lancet 337 :1065.
-
4
Fica A, Fernandez-Beros ME, Aron-Hott L, Rivas A, D’Ottone K, Chumpitaz J, Guevara JM, Rodriguez M, Cabello F, 1997. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhi from two outbreaks: few ribotypes and IS200 types harbor Inc HI1 plasmids. Microb Drug Resist 3 :339–343.
-
5
Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching NJ, Hart CA, 2000. Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi from Asia. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1449–1452.
-
6
Wain J, Diem Nga LT, Kidgell C, James K, Fortune S, Song Diep T, Ali T, O Gaora P, Parry C, Parkhill J, Farrar J, White NJ, Dougan G, 2003. Molecular analysis of Inc HI1 antimicrobial resistance plasmids from Salmonella serovar Typhi strains associated with typhoid fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 :2732–2739.
-
7
Connerton P, Wain J, Hien TT, Ali T, Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Ho VA, Diep TS, Day NP, White NJ, Dougan G, Farrar JJ, 2000. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi from four outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 38 :895–897.
-
8
Le TA, Lejay-Collin M, Grimont PA, Hoang TL, Nguyen TV, Grimont F, Scavizzi MR, 2004. Endemic, epidemic clone of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi harboring a single multi-drug-resistant plasmid in Vietnam between 1995 and 2002. J Clin Microbiol 42 :3094–3099.
-
9
Lee K, Yong D, Yum JH, Lim YS, Kim HS, Lee BK, Chong Y, 2004. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 :4130–4135.
-
10
Nguyen TA, Ha Ba K, Nguyen TD, 1993. La fièvre typhoïde au Sud Vietnam, 1990–1993. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :476–478.
-
11
Van Duong D, Binns CW, Van Le T, 1997. Availability of antibiotics as over-the-counter drugs in pharmacies: a threat to public health in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 2 :1133–1139.
-
12
Wain J, Hoa NT, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Everett MJ, Diep TS, Day NP, Solomon T, White NJ, Piddock LJ, Parry CM, 1997. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Viet Nam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clin Infect Dis 25 :1404–1410.
-
13
Mermin JH, Villar R, Carpenter J, Roberts L, Samaridden A, Gasanova L, Lomakina S, Bopp C, Hutwagner L, Mead P, Ross B, Mintz ED, 1999. A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 179 :1416–1422.
-
14
Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, 2001. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :448–450.
-
15
Hirose K, Hashimoto A, Tamura K, Kawamura Y, Ezaki T, Sagara H, Watanabe H, 2002. DNA sequence analysis of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV quinolone resistance-determining regions of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :3249–3252.
-
16
Madhulika U, Harish BN, Parija SC, 2004. Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 120 :111–114.
-
17
Renuka K, Kapil A, Kabra SK, Wig N, Das BK, Prasad VV, Chaudhry R, Seth P, 2004. Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyrA gene mutation in North Indian strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and serotype Paratyphi A. Microb Drug Resist 10 :146–153.
-
18
Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Skinner JA, Smith HR, Lacey S, 1999. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. typhi and treatment failure. Lancet 353 :1590–1591.
-
19
Butt T, Ahmad RN, Mahmood A, Zaidi S, 2003. Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in typhoid fever case, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1621–1622.
-
20
Parry C, Wain J, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Farrar JJ, 1998. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Vietnam. Lancet 351 :1289.
-
21
Parry CM, 1998. Untreatable infections? The challenge of the 21st century. Southeast Asia J Trop Med Public Health 29 :416–424.
-
22
Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, Rottingen JA, Grais FR, Guerin PJ, 2005. Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :819–826.
-
23
Khai SH, 2003. Rational land use planning based on community in Northern hilly and mountainous region. United Nations Development Project reports. Available from: http://www.undp.org.vn/projects/vie96010/cemma/RAS93103/005.htm.
-
24
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2000. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. NCCLS Document M2-A7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
-
25
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing. Twelfth informational supplement. NCCLS Document MS100-S12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Wayne, Pa.
-
26
Weill FX, Fabre L, Grandry B, Grimont PAD, Casin I, 2005. Multiple antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B in France, 2000–2003, is mainly due to strains harboring Salmonella genomic islands 1, 1-B, and 1-C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2567–2574.
-
27
Weill FX, Demartin M, Tandé D, Espie E, Rakotoarivony I, Grimont PAD, 2004. SHV-12-like extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Salmonella enterica serotypes Babelsberg and Enteritidis isolated in France among infants adopted from Mali. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2432–2437.
-
28
Hunter SB, Vauterin P, Lambert-Fair MA, Van Duyne MS, Kubota K, Graves L, Wrigley D, Barrett T, Ribot E, 2005. Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard. J Clin Microbiol 43 :1045–1050.
-
29
Roumagnac P, Weill FX, Dolecek C, Baker S, Brisse S, Chinh NT, Le TAH, Acosta CJ, Farrar J, Dougan G, Achtman M, 2006. Evolutionary History of Salmonella Typhi. Science 31 :1301–1304.
-
30
Sood S, Kapil A, Das B, Jain Y, Kabra SK, 1999. Re-emergence of chloramphenicol-sensitive Salmonella typhi.Lancet 353 :1241–1242.
-
31
Navarro F, Llovet T, Echeita MA, Coll P, Aladuena A, Usera MA, Prats G, 1996. Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. J Clin Microbiol 34 :2831–2834.
-
32
Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, Parry CM, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G, 1999. Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2466–2472.
-
33
Hampton MD, Ward LR, Rowe B, Threlfall EJ, 1998. Molecular fingerprinting of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica sero-type Typhi. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :317–320.
-
34
Nair S, Poh CL, Lim YS, Tay L, Goh KT, 1994. Genome fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for subtyping common phage types. Epidemiol Infect 113 :391–402.
-
35
Thong KL, Cheong YM, Puthucheary S, Koh CL, Pang T, 1994. Epidemiologic analysis of sporadic Salmonella typhi isolates and those from outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 32 :1135–1141.
-
36
Thong KL, Puthucheary S, Yassin RM, Sudarmono P, Padmidewi M, Soewandojo E, Handojo I, Sarasombath S, Pang T, 1995. Analysis of Salmonella typhi isolates from Southeast Asia by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1938–1941.
-
37
Shanahan PM, Jesudason MV, Thomson CJ, Amyes SG, 1998. Molecular analysis of and identification of antibiotic resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi from India. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1595–1600.
-
38
Tsen HY, Lin JS, Hu HH, Liu PR, Wang TK, 1999. Use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiological tool for analysis of sporadic associated strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Taiwan. J Appl Microbiol 86 :761–768.
-
39
Kubota K, Barrett TJ, Ackers ML, Brachman PS, Mintz ED, 2005. Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns associated with international travel. J Clin Microbiol 43 :1205–1209.
-
40
Echeita MA, Usera MA, 1998. Chromosomal rearrangements in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi affecting molecular typing in outbreak investigations. J Clin Microbiol 36 :2123–2126.
-
41
Thong KL, Bhutta ZA, Pang T, 2000. Multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi are genetically homogenous and coexist with antibiotic-sensitive strains as distinct, independent clones. Int J Infect Dis 4 :194–197.
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CLONAL RECONQUEST OF ANTIBIOTIC-SUSCEPTIBLE SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHI IN SON LA PROVINCE, VIETNAM
FRANÇOIS-XAVIER WEILL
FRANÇOIS-XAVIER WEILL
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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HOANG HUY TRAN
HOANG HUY TRAN
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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PHILIPPE ROUMAGNAC
PHILIPPE ROUMAGNAC
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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LAËTITIA FABRE
LAËTITIA FABRE
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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NGUYEN BINH MINH
NGUYEN BINH MINH
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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TRINE LISE STAVNES
TRINE LISE STAVNES
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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JORGEN LASSEN
JORGEN LASSEN
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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GUNNAR BJUNE
GUNNAR BJUNE
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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PATRICK A.D. GRIMONT
PATRICK A.D. GRIMONT
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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PHILIPPE J. GUERIN
PHILIPPE J. GUERIN
Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur OMS de Référence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; National Reference Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Max-Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Epicentre, Paris, France
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In the last three decades, high rates of resistance to common first-line antimicrobial agents have been reported in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Typhi), the causative organism of typhoid fever (TF), in many regions of the world, especially in South East Asia. Analysis of Typhi strains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of TF in Son La province, northwest Vietnam, in 2002 revealed that 94.5% (85/90) of the isolates were fully susceptible to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. There was a clear decline in the occurrence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Typhi isolates collected in this province in 2002 (4.4%) compared with the period 1995–1999 in the same province (30.8–100%). By using molecular (IS200 profiling, PstI-ribotyping, XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and haplotyping) and phage-typing methods, we showed that the Typhi isolates from Son La province in 2002 were genetically related; however, they were unrelated to the previous MDR clones established in Vietnam.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The Global Burden of Typhoid Fever. Bull WHO 82 :346–353.
-
2
Wain J, Kidgell C, 2004. The emergence of multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents for the treatment of typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :423–430.
-
3
Rowe B, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ, 1990. Spread of multiresistant Salmonella typhi.Lancet 337 :1065.
-
4
Fica A, Fernandez-Beros ME, Aron-Hott L, Rivas A, D’Ottone K, Chumpitaz J, Guevara JM, Rodriguez M, Cabello F, 1997. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhi from two outbreaks: few ribotypes and IS200 types harbor Inc HI1 plasmids. Microb Drug Resist 3 :339–343.
-
5
Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching NJ, Hart CA, 2000. Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi from Asia. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1449–1452.
-
6
Wain J, Diem Nga LT, Kidgell C, James K, Fortune S, Song Diep T, Ali T, O Gaora P, Parry C, Parkhill J, Farrar J, White NJ, Dougan G, 2003. Molecular analysis of Inc HI1 antimicrobial resistance plasmids from Salmonella serovar Typhi strains associated with typhoid fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 :2732–2739.
-
7
Connerton P, Wain J, Hien TT, Ali T, Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Ho VA, Diep TS, Day NP, White NJ, Dougan G, Farrar JJ, 2000. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi from four outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 38 :895–897.
-
8
Le TA, Lejay-Collin M, Grimont PA, Hoang TL, Nguyen TV, Grimont F, Scavizzi MR, 2004. Endemic, epidemic clone of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi harboring a single multi-drug-resistant plasmid in Vietnam between 1995 and 2002. J Clin Microbiol 42 :3094–3099.
-
9
Lee K, Yong D, Yum JH, Lim YS, Kim HS, Lee BK, Chong Y, 2004. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 :4130–4135.
-
10
Nguyen TA, Ha Ba K, Nguyen TD, 1993. La fièvre typhoïde au Sud Vietnam, 1990–1993. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :476–478.
-
11
Van Duong D, Binns CW, Van Le T, 1997. Availability of antibiotics as over-the-counter drugs in pharmacies: a threat to public health in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 2 :1133–1139.
-
12
Wain J, Hoa NT, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Everett MJ, Diep TS, Day NP, Solomon T, White NJ, Piddock LJ, Parry CM, 1997. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Viet Nam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clin Infect Dis 25 :1404–1410.
-
13
Mermin JH, Villar R, Carpenter J, Roberts L, Samaridden A, Gasanova L, Lomakina S, Bopp C, Hutwagner L, Mead P, Ross B, Mintz ED, 1999. A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 179 :1416–1422.
-
14
Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, 2001. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :448–450.
-
15
Hirose K, Hashimoto A, Tamura K, Kawamura Y, Ezaki T, Sagara H, Watanabe H, 2002. DNA sequence analysis of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV quinolone resistance-determining regions of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :3249–3252.
-
16
Madhulika U, Harish BN, Parija SC, 2004. Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 120 :111–114.
-
17
Renuka K, Kapil A, Kabra SK, Wig N, Das BK, Prasad VV, Chaudhry R, Seth P, 2004. Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyrA gene mutation in North Indian strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and serotype Paratyphi A. Microb Drug Resist 10 :146–153.
-
18
Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Skinner JA, Smith HR, Lacey S, 1999. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. typhi and treatment failure. Lancet 353 :1590–1591.
-
19
Butt T, Ahmad RN, Mahmood A, Zaidi S, 2003. Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in typhoid fever case, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1621–1622.
-
20
Parry C, Wain J, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Farrar JJ, 1998. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Vietnam. Lancet 351 :1289.
-
21
Parry CM, 1998. Untreatable infections? The challenge of the 21st century. Southeast Asia J Trop Med Public Health 29 :416–424.
-
22
Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, Rottingen JA, Grais FR, Guerin PJ, 2005. Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :819–826.
-
23
Khai SH, 2003. Rational land use planning based on community in Northern hilly and mountainous region. United Nations Development Project reports. Available from: http://www.undp.org.vn/projects/vie96010/cemma/RAS93103/005.htm.
-
24
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2000. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. NCCLS Document M2-A7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
-
25
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing. Twelfth informational supplement. NCCLS Document MS100-S12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Wayne, Pa.
-
26
Weill FX, Fabre L, Grandry B, Grimont PAD, Casin I, 2005. Multiple antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B in France, 2000–2003, is mainly due to strains harboring Salmonella genomic islands 1, 1-B, and 1-C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2567–2574.
-
27
Weill FX, Demartin M, Tandé D, Espie E, Rakotoarivony I, Grimont PAD, 2004. SHV-12-like extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Salmonella enterica serotypes Babelsberg and Enteritidis isolated in France among infants adopted from Mali. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2432–2437.
-
28
Hunter SB, Vauterin P, Lambert-Fair MA, Van Duyne MS, Kubota K, Graves L, Wrigley D, Barrett T, Ribot E, 2005. Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard. J Clin Microbiol 43 :1045–1050.
-
29
Roumagnac P, Weill FX, Dolecek C, Baker S, Brisse S, Chinh NT, Le TAH, Acosta CJ, Farrar J, Dougan G, Achtman M, 2006. Evolutionary History of Salmonella Typhi. Science 31 :1301–1304.
-
30
Sood S, Kapil A, Das B, Jain Y, Kabra SK, 1999. Re-emergence of chloramphenicol-sensitive Salmonella typhi.Lancet 353 :1241–1242.
-
31
Navarro F, Llovet T, Echeita MA, Coll P, Aladuena A, Usera MA, Prats G, 1996. Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. J Clin Microbiol 34 :2831–2834.
-
32
Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, Parry CM, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G, 1999. Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2466–2472.
-
33
Hampton MD, Ward LR, Rowe B, Threlfall EJ, 1998. Molecular fingerprinting of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica sero-type Typhi. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :317–320.
-
34
Nair S, Poh CL, Lim YS, Tay L, Goh KT, 1994. Genome fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for subtyping common phage types. Epidemiol Infect 113 :391–402.
-
35
Thong KL, Cheong YM, Puthucheary S, Koh CL, Pang T, 1994. Epidemiologic analysis of sporadic Salmonella typhi isolates and those from outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 32 :1135–1141.
-
36
Thong KL, Puthucheary S, Yassin RM, Sudarmono P, Padmidewi M, Soewandojo E, Handojo I, Sarasombath S, Pang T, 1995. Analysis of Salmonella typhi isolates from Southeast Asia by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1938–1941.
-
37
Shanahan PM, Jesudason MV, Thomson CJ, Amyes SG, 1998. Molecular analysis of and identification of antibiotic resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi from India. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1595–1600.
-
38
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