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-
1
Marquino W, MacArthur JR, Barat LM, Oblitas FE, Arrunategui M, Garavito G, Chafloque ML, Pardave B, Gutierrez S, Arrospide N, Carrillo C, Cabezas C, Ruebush TK 2nd, 2003. Efficacy of chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the north coast of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :120–123.
-
2
Magill AJ, Zegarra J, Garcia C, Marquino W, Ruebush TK 2nd, 2004. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon basin of Peru. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37 :279–281.
-
3
Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM, 2003. Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :45–52.
-
4
Roper MH, Torres RS, Goicochea CG, Andersen EM, Guarda JS, Calampa C, Hightower AW, Magill AJ, 2000. The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :247–256.
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5
Schoeler GB, Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Davila JR, Zyzak M, 2003. Geographical distribution of Anopheles darlingi in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :286–296.
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6
World Health Organization, 2003. Assesment and Monitoring of Anitmalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falaciparum Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization/The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
-
7
OMS-OPS. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Drug Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in the Americas. Document OPS/HCP/HCT/113/98. Washington, OMS-OPS; 1998.
-
8
Lemeshow S, Taber S, 1991. Lot quality assurance sampling: single- and double-sampling plans. World Health Stat Q 44 :115–132.
-
9
Ministerio de Salud, 2000. Política Nacional de Medicamentos para el Control de la Malaria en el Peru. Lima, Peru.
-
10
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
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11
Urdaneta L, Plowe C, Goldman I, Lal AA, 1999. Point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :457–462.
-
12
World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–90.
-
14
Walker AJ, Lopez-Antunano FJ, 1968. Response to drugs of South American strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62 :654–667.
-
15
Avila JC, Villaroel R, Marquino W, Zegarra J, Mollinedo R, Ruebush TK, 2004. Efficacy of mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon region of Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 9 :217–221.
-
16
Ruebush TK 2nd, Neyra D, Cabezas C, 2004. Modifying national malaria treatment policies in Peru. J Public Health Policy 25 :328–345.
-
17
Aramburu Guarda J, Ramal Asayag C, Witzig R, 1999. Malaria reemergence in the Peruvian Amazon region. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :209–215.
-
18
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 70 :357–363.
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19
Mendez F, Munoz A, Carrasquilla G, Jurado D, Arevalo-Herrera M, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 2002. Determinants of treatment response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and subsequent transmission potential in falciparum malaria. Am J Epidemiol 156 :230–238.
-
20
Kublin J, Witzig R, Shankar AH, Zurita JQ, Gilman RH, Guarda JA, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 1998. Molecular assays for surveillance of antifolate-resistant malaria. Lancet 351 :1629–1630.
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21
Vasconcelos KF, Plowe CV, Fontes CJ, Kyle D, Wirth DF, Pereira da Silva LH, Zalis MG, 2000. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of isolates from the Amazon region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :721–728.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 288 | 228 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 252 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 6 | 0 |
UNUSUAL PATTERN OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE NORTHWESTERN PERUVIAN AMAZON REGION
SALOMÓN DURAND
SALOMÓN DURAND
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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WILMER MARQUIÑO
WILMER MARQUIÑO
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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CESAR CABEZAS
CESAR CABEZAS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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GREGORY UTZ
GREGORY UTZ
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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VICTOR FIESTAS
VICTOR FIESTAS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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JAVIER CAIRO
JAVIER CAIRO
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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MARITZA PURAY
MARITZA PURAY
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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CARMEN LUCAS
CARMEN LUCAS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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CAROLA SALAS
CAROLA SALAS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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SONIA GUTIERREZ
SONIA GUTIERREZ
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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NANCY ARROSPIDE
NANCY ARROSPIDE
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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DAVID J. BACON
DAVID J. BACON
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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TRENTON K. RUEBUSH II
TRENTON K. RUEBUSH II
U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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High levels of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to both chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) have been documented throughout the Amazon Basin of South America. Because of reports about the persistent efficacy of both of these drugs in the northwestern Peruvian Amazon region, we carried out an evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine (25 mg/kg) and SP (25 mg/kg of the sulfadoxine component) for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum infections at two sites: Ullpayacu and Pampa Hermoza/Alianza. A total of 111 patients were enrolled. Only 5 (14.3%) of the 35 patients who received CQ had an adequate clinical and parasitologic response (ACPR). Six subjects (17%) had early treatment failure, 1 (2.9%) had late clinical failure, and 23 (65.7%) had late parasitologic failure (LPF). Of the subjects treated with SP, 92.3% had ACPR and 7.7% had LPF. Based on these findings, it is clear that there are at least limited areas within the Peruvian Amazon region where P. falciparum strains continue to be sensitive to SP.
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-
1
Marquino W, MacArthur JR, Barat LM, Oblitas FE, Arrunategui M, Garavito G, Chafloque ML, Pardave B, Gutierrez S, Arrospide N, Carrillo C, Cabezas C, Ruebush TK 2nd, 2003. Efficacy of chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the north coast of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :120–123.
-
2
Magill AJ, Zegarra J, Garcia C, Marquino W, Ruebush TK 2nd, 2004. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon basin of Peru. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37 :279–281.
-
3
Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM, 2003. Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :45–52.
-
4
Roper MH, Torres RS, Goicochea CG, Andersen EM, Guarda JS, Calampa C, Hightower AW, Magill AJ, 2000. The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :247–256.
-
5
Schoeler GB, Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Davila JR, Zyzak M, 2003. Geographical distribution of Anopheles darlingi in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19 :286–296.
-
6
World Health Organization, 2003. Assesment and Monitoring of Anitmalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falaciparum Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization/The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
-
7
OMS-OPS. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Drug Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in the Americas. Document OPS/HCP/HCT/113/98. Washington, OMS-OPS; 1998.
-
8
Lemeshow S, Taber S, 1991. Lot quality assurance sampling: single- and double-sampling plans. World Health Stat Q 44 :115–132.
-
9
Ministerio de Salud, 2000. Política Nacional de Medicamentos para el Control de la Malaria en el Peru. Lima, Peru.
-
10
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.
-
11
Urdaneta L, Plowe C, Goldman I, Lal AA, 1999. Point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :457–462.
-
12
World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):S1–90.
-
14
Walker AJ, Lopez-Antunano FJ, 1968. Response to drugs of South American strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62 :654–667.
-
15
Avila JC, Villaroel R, Marquino W, Zegarra J, Mollinedo R, Ruebush TK, 2004. Efficacy of mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon region of Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 9 :217–221.
-
16
Ruebush TK 2nd, Neyra D, Cabezas C, 2004. Modifying national malaria treatment policies in Peru. J Public Health Policy 25 :328–345.
-
17
Aramburu Guarda J, Ramal Asayag C, Witzig R, 1999. Malaria reemergence in the Peruvian Amazon region. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :209–215.
-
18
Flores-Mendoza C, Fernandez R, Escobedo-Vargas KS, Vela-Perez Q, Schoeler GB, 2004. Natural Plasmodium infections in Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Eastern Peru. J Med Entomol 70 :357–363.
-
19
Mendez F, Munoz A, Carrasquilla G, Jurado D, Arevalo-Herrera M, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 2002. Determinants of treatment response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and subsequent transmission potential in falciparum malaria. Am J Epidemiol 156 :230–238.
-
20
Kublin J, Witzig R, Shankar AH, Zurita JQ, Gilman RH, Guarda JA, Cortese JF, Plowe CV, 1998. Molecular assays for surveillance of antifolate-resistant malaria. Lancet 351 :1629–1630.
-
21
Vasconcelos KF, Plowe CV, Fontes CJ, Kyle D, Wirth DF, Pereira da Silva LH, Zalis MG, 2000. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of isolates from the Amazon region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :721–728.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 288 | 228 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 252 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 65 | 6 | 0 |