- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- T. cruzi typing by polymerase chain reaction amplification of “Sequence Characterized Region Markers.”
- T. cruzi typing by hybridization of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes identifying variants of sublineage IId.
- T. cruzi typing by multiplex amplification of mini-exon.
- T. cruzi typing by hybridization with hypervariable kDNA probes identifying the (sub)lineages I, IIb, and IIe.
- Complementary typing of T. cruzi II sublineages by sequencing.
- Comparison of typified T. cruzi (sub)lineages in infected neonates and adults.
- Typified T. cruzi sublineages, morbidity–mortality, and parasitemia of congenital Chagas disease.
- DISCUSSION
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1
Carlier Y, Pinto Dias JC, Ostermayer Luquetti AO, Hontebeyrie M, Torrico F, Truyens C, 2002.Trypanosomiase américaine ou maladie de Chagas. In: Elsevier SAS, editor. Encycl Méd Chir, Maladies Infectieuses. Paris: 8-505-A-20, 21 p.
-
2
Schenone H, Gaggero M, Sapunar J, Contreras MC, Rojas A, 2001. Congenital Chagas disease of second generation in Santiago, Chile. Report of two cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 43 :231–232.
-
3
Carlier Y, Torrico F, 2003. Congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi: from mechanisms of transmission to strategies for diagnosis and control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :767–771.
-
4
Torrico F, Alonso-Vega C, Suarez E, Rodriguez P, Torrico MC, Dramaix M, Truyens C, Carlier Y, 2004. Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi infection, pregnancy outcome, morbidity, and mortality of congenitally infected and non-infected newborns in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :201–209.
-
5
Hermann E, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Even J, Rodriguez P, Berthe A, Gonzalez-Merino E, Torrico F, Carlier Y, 2002. Human fetuses are able to mount an adultlike CD8 T-cell response. Blood 100 :2153–2158.
-
6
Hermann E, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Rodriguez P, Berthe A, Torrico F, Carlier Y, 2004. Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi is associated with maternal enhanced parasitemia and decreased production of interferon-gamma in response to parasite antigens. J Infect Dis 189 :1274–1281.
-
7
Revollo S, Oury B, Laurent JP, Barnabe C, Quesney V, Carriere V, Noel S, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: impact of clonal evolution of the parasite on its biological and medical properties. Exp Parasitol 89 :30–39.
-
8
Buscaglia CA, Di Noia JM, 2003. Trypanosoma cruzi clonal diversity and the epidemiology of Chagas’ disease. Microbes Infect 5 :419–427.
-
9
Macedo AM, Machado CR, Oliveira RP, Pena SD, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi: genetic structure of populations and relevance of genetic variability to the pathogenesis of chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :1–12.
-
10
Andrade SG, 1982. The influence of the strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in placental infections in mice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :123–128.
-
11
Gonzalez Cappa SM, Mirkin GA, Solana ME, Tekiel VS, 1999. Patologia for Trypanosoma cruzi: cepa dependiente? Medicina (B Aires) 59 (Suppl 2):69–74.
-
12
Moreno EA, Rivera IM, Moreno SC, Alarcon ME, Lugo-Yarbuh A, 2003. Transmisión vertical de Trypanosoma cruzi en ratas Wistar durante la fase aguda de la infección. Invest Clin 44 :241–254.
-
13
Recommendations from a satellite meeting, 1999. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 Suppl 1: 429–432.
-
14
Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ, 1999. Evolutionary genetics of Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Microbes Infect 1 :465–472.
-
15
Barnabe C, Brisse S, Tibayrenc M, 2000. Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis approach. Parasitology 120 :513–526.
-
16
Brisse S, Henriksson J, Barnabe C, Douzery EJ, Berkvens D, Serrano M, De Carvalho MR, Buck GA, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M, 2003. Evidence for genetic exchange and hybridization in Trypanosoma cruzi based on nucleotide sequences and molecular karyotype. Infect Genet Evol 2 :173–183.
-
17
Gaunt MW, Yeo M, Frame IA, Stothard JR, Carrasco HJ, Taylor MC, Mena SS, Veazey P, Miles GA, Acosta N, de Arias AR, Miles MA, 2003. Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes. Nature 421 :936–939.
-
18
Sturm NR, Vargas NS, Westenberger SJ, Zingales B, Campbell DA, 2003. Evidence for multiple hybrid groups in Trypanosoma cruzi.Int J Parasitol 33 :269–279.
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19
Westenberger SJ, Barnabe C, Campbell DA, Sturm NR, 2005. Two hybridization events define the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi.Genetics 171 :527–543.
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20
Yeo M, Acosta N, Llewellyn M, Sanchez H, Adamson S, Miles GA, Lopez E, Gonzalez N, Patterson JS, Gaunt MW, de Arias AR, Miles MA, 2005. Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids. Int J Parasitol 35 :225–233.
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21
Breniere SF, Bosseno MF, Telleria J, Bastrenta B, Yacsik N, Noireau F, Alcazar JL, Barnabe C, Wincker P, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Different behavior of two Trypanosoma cruzi major clones: transmission and circulation in young Bolivian patients. Exp Parasitol 89 :285–295.
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22
Solari A, Campillay R, Ortiz S, Wallace A, 2001. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in Chilean chagasic patients. Exp Parasitol 97 :226–233.
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23
Breniere SF, Bosseno MF, Noireau F, Yacsik N, Liegeard P, Aznar C, Hontebeyrie M, 2002. Integrate study of a Bolivian population infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :289–295.
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24
Torres JP, Ortiz S, Munoz S, Solari A, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Chile are heterogeneous and composed of mixed populations when characterized by schizodeme and Southern analyses. Parasitology 128 :161–168.
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25
Virreira M, Torrico F, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Solano M, Carlier Y, Svoboda M, 2003. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for reliable and easy detection of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :574–582.
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26
Torrico MC, Solano M, Guzman JM, Parrado R, Suarez E, Alonso-Vega C, Truyens C, Carlier Y, 2005. Estimación de la parasitemia en la infección humana por T. cruzi las altas parasitemias están asociadas con la severa y fatal enfermedad de Chagas congénita. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 38 :58–61.
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27
Barnabe C, Neubauer K, Solari A, Tibayrenc M, 2001. Trypanosoma cruzi: presence of the two major phylogenetic lineages and of several lesser discrete typing units (DTUs) in Chile and Paraguay. Acta Trop 78 :127–137.
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28
Higo H, Miura S, Horio M, Mimori T, Hamano S, Agatsuma T, Yanagi T, Cruz-Reyes A, Uyema N, Rojas de Arias A, Matta V, Akahane H, Hirayama K, Takeuchi T, Tada I, Himeno K, 2004. Genotypic variation among lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi and its geographic aspects. Parasitol Int 53 :337–344.
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29
Brisse S, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M, 2000. Identification of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages by sequence-characterised amplified region markers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111 :95–105.
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30
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Souto RP, Fernandes O, Macedo AM, Campbell DA, Zingales B, 1996. DNA markers define two major phylogenetic lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi.Mol Biochem Parasitol 83 :141–152.
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CONGENITAL CHAGAS DISEASE IN BOLIVIA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DNA POLYMORPHISM OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
MYRNA VIRREIRA
MYRNA VIRREIRA
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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CRISTINA ALONSO-VEGA
CRISTINA ALONSO-VEGA
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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MARCO SOLANO
MARCO SOLANO
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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JUAN JIJENA
JUAN JIJENA
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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LAURENT BRUTUS
LAURENT BRUTUS
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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ZULEMA BUSTAMANTE
ZULEMA BUSTAMANTE
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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CARINE TRUYENS
CARINE TRUYENS
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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DOMINIQUE SCHNEIDER
DOMINIQUE SCHNEIDER
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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FAUSTINO TORRICO
FAUSTINO TORRICO
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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YVES CARLIER
YVES CARLIER
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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MICHAL SVOBODA
MICHAL SVOBODA
Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Facultad de Medecina, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia; Unidad de Neonatologia, Hospital “San Juan de Dios”, Tarija, Bolivia; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Mother and Child Health Research Unit (UR10), La Paz, Bolivia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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This study aims to typify the Trypanosoma cruzi (sub)lineage(s) in umbilical cord blood of congenitally infected Bolivian newborns, using PCR amplifications of “Region Markers”, mini-exon or kDNA fragments followed by hybridization or sequencing. New probes were also designed to distinguish three variants within the TcIId sublineage. The IIb, IId, or IIe T. cruzi sublineages, as well as different variants of the IId sublineage, were detected in infected neonates, whereas mixed infections were not found. The frequencies of the IId sublineage were similar in neonates (95.1%) and adults of the same area (94.1%). The IId-infected newborns displayed either asymptomatic, or severe and fatal clinical forms of congenital Chagas disease, as well as low or high parasitemia. Altogether these data show that T. cruzi DNA polymorphism, based on the presently available markers, is not associated with the occurrence of congenital infection or the development of severe clinical forms of congenital Chagas disease.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- T. cruzi typing by polymerase chain reaction amplification of “Sequence Characterized Region Markers.”
- T. cruzi typing by hybridization of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes identifying variants of sublineage IId.
- T. cruzi typing by multiplex amplification of mini-exon.
- T. cruzi typing by hybridization with hypervariable kDNA probes identifying the (sub)lineages I, IIb, and IIe.
- Complementary typing of T. cruzi II sublineages by sequencing.
- Comparison of typified T. cruzi (sub)lineages in infected neonates and adults.
- Typified T. cruzi sublineages, morbidity–mortality, and parasitemia of congenital Chagas disease.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Carlier Y, Pinto Dias JC, Ostermayer Luquetti AO, Hontebeyrie M, Torrico F, Truyens C, 2002.Trypanosomiase américaine ou maladie de Chagas. In: Elsevier SAS, editor. Encycl Méd Chir, Maladies Infectieuses. Paris: 8-505-A-20, 21 p.
-
2
Schenone H, Gaggero M, Sapunar J, Contreras MC, Rojas A, 2001. Congenital Chagas disease of second generation in Santiago, Chile. Report of two cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 43 :231–232.
-
3
Carlier Y, Torrico F, 2003. Congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi: from mechanisms of transmission to strategies for diagnosis and control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :767–771.
-
4
Torrico F, Alonso-Vega C, Suarez E, Rodriguez P, Torrico MC, Dramaix M, Truyens C, Carlier Y, 2004. Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi infection, pregnancy outcome, morbidity, and mortality of congenitally infected and non-infected newborns in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :201–209.
-
5
Hermann E, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Even J, Rodriguez P, Berthe A, Gonzalez-Merino E, Torrico F, Carlier Y, 2002. Human fetuses are able to mount an adultlike CD8 T-cell response. Blood 100 :2153–2158.
-
6
Hermann E, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Rodriguez P, Berthe A, Torrico F, Carlier Y, 2004. Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi is associated with maternal enhanced parasitemia and decreased production of interferon-gamma in response to parasite antigens. J Infect Dis 189 :1274–1281.
-
7
Revollo S, Oury B, Laurent JP, Barnabe C, Quesney V, Carriere V, Noel S, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: impact of clonal evolution of the parasite on its biological and medical properties. Exp Parasitol 89 :30–39.
-
8
Buscaglia CA, Di Noia JM, 2003. Trypanosoma cruzi clonal diversity and the epidemiology of Chagas’ disease. Microbes Infect 5 :419–427.
-
9
Macedo AM, Machado CR, Oliveira RP, Pena SD, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi: genetic structure of populations and relevance of genetic variability to the pathogenesis of chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :1–12.
-
10
Andrade SG, 1982. The influence of the strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in placental infections in mice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :123–128.
-
11
Gonzalez Cappa SM, Mirkin GA, Solana ME, Tekiel VS, 1999. Patologia for Trypanosoma cruzi: cepa dependiente? Medicina (B Aires) 59 (Suppl 2):69–74.
-
12
Moreno EA, Rivera IM, Moreno SC, Alarcon ME, Lugo-Yarbuh A, 2003. Transmisión vertical de Trypanosoma cruzi en ratas Wistar durante la fase aguda de la infección. Invest Clin 44 :241–254.
-
13
Recommendations from a satellite meeting, 1999. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 Suppl 1: 429–432.
-
14
Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ, 1999. Evolutionary genetics of Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Microbes Infect 1 :465–472.
-
15
Barnabe C, Brisse S, Tibayrenc M, 2000. Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis approach. Parasitology 120 :513–526.
-
16
Brisse S, Henriksson J, Barnabe C, Douzery EJ, Berkvens D, Serrano M, De Carvalho MR, Buck GA, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M, 2003. Evidence for genetic exchange and hybridization in Trypanosoma cruzi based on nucleotide sequences and molecular karyotype. Infect Genet Evol 2 :173–183.
-
17
Gaunt MW, Yeo M, Frame IA, Stothard JR, Carrasco HJ, Taylor MC, Mena SS, Veazey P, Miles GA, Acosta N, de Arias AR, Miles MA, 2003. Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes. Nature 421 :936–939.
-
18
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