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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a west African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 :208–236.
-
2
Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :494–497.
-
3
Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113 :425–431.
-
4
Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177 :1358–1363.
-
5
Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 :160–165.
-
6
Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :271–276.
-
7
Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :781–789.
-
8
Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :472–476.
-
9
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1957. The malarial infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae); a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :971–979.
-
10
Macdonald G, Cuellar CB, Foll CV, 1968. The dynamics of malaria. Bull World Health Organ 38 :743–755.
-
11
Dietz K, Molineaux L, Thomas A, 1974. A malaria model tested in the African savannah. Bull World Health Organ 50 :347–357.
-
12
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :366–371.
-
13
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
14
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
15
Eichner M, Diebner HH, Molineaux L, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Dietz K, 2001. Genesis, sequestration and survival of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: parameter estimates from fitting a model to malariatherapy data. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :497–501.
-
16
Jeffery GM, 1956. Blood meal volume in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, A. albimanus and Aedes aegypti. Exp Parasitol 5 :371–375.
-
17
Chege GM, Beier JC, 1998. Blood acquisition and processing by three Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) species with different innate susceptibilities to Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Entomol 35 :319–323.
-
18
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1991. Concentration of human erythrocytes by anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during feeding. J Med Entomol 28 :780–786.
-
19
WinBUGS, 2003. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit.
-
20
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier M, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :355–358.
-
21
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani J, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin B, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
22
Bonnet S, Gouagna LC, Paul RE, Safeukui I, Meunier JY, Boudin C, 2003. Estimation of malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in two neighbouring villages in south Cameroon: evaluation and comparison of several indices. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :53–59.
-
23
Smith T, Killeen G, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):1–10.
-
24
Port GR, Boreham PFL, Bryan JH, 1980. The relationship of host size to feeding by mosquitos of the Anopheles gambiae Giles Complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 70 :133–144.
-
25
Carter R, Graves PM, 1988. Gametocytes. Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds. Malaria. Principles and Practice of Malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 253–306.
-
26
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1997. The dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection. J Theor Biol 188 :127–140.
-
27
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1992. Population dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum sporogony in laboratory-infected Anopheles gambiae. J Parasitol 78 :716–724.
-
28
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1994. Sporogonic development of cultured Plasmodium falciparum in six species of laboratory-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :233–243.
-
29
Osgood SM, Eisen RJ, Schall JJ, 2002. Gametocyte sex ratio of a malaria parasite: experimental test of heritability. J Parasitol 88 :494–498.
-
30
Paul RE, Coulson TN, Raibaud A, Brey PT, 2000. Sex determination in malaria parasites. Science 287 :128–131.
-
31
Robert V, Sokhna CS, Rogier C, Ariey F, Trape JF, 2003. Sex-ratio of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in inhabitants of Dielmo, Senegal. Parasitology 127 :1–8.
-
32
Noden BH, Beadle PS, Vaughan JA, Pumpini CB, Kent MD, Beier JC, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum: the population structure of mature gametocyte cultures has little effect on their innate fertility. Acta Trop 58 :13–19.
-
33
Ponnudurai T, Meuwissen JT, Leeuwenberg AD, Verhave JP, Lensen AH, 1982. The production of mature gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in continuous cultures of different isolates infective to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :242–250.
-
34
Robert V, Read AF, Essong J, Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Verhave JP, Carnevale P, 1996. Effect of gametocyte sex ratio on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :621–624.
-
35
Boyd MF, Stratham-Thomas WK, Kitchen SF, 1935. On the relative susceptibility of Anopheles quadrimaculatus to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med 15 :485–493.
-
36
Sinden RE, 1991. Asexual blood stages of malaria modulate gametocyte infectivity to the mosquito vector: possible implications and control. Parasitology 103 :191–196.
-
37
Killeen GF, Ross A, Smith T, 2006. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):38–45.
-
38
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua A, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
39
Lindsay SW, Snow R, Broomfield GL, Janneh MS, Wirtz RA, Greenwood BM, 1989. Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 3 :263–271.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 239 | 196 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 528 | 21 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 233 | 29 | 5 |
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST INFECTIVITY TO MOSQUITOES AND ASEXUAL PARASITE DENSITY IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
AMANDA ROSS
AMANDA ROSS
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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GERRY KILLEEN
GERRY KILLEEN
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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THOMAS SMITH
THOMAS SMITH
Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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PubMed
We describe a statistical model for the relationship between asexual parasite densities of Plasmodium falciparum and the infectivity of the host to mosquitoes. The model takes into account the delay between asexual parasitemia and infectivity resulting from the time course of gametocytemia. It also allows for the need for the blood meal to contain gametocytes of both sexes if infection is to take place. We show that by fitting this model to data from malariatherapy patients it can explain observed patterns of infectiousness of the human host and is consistent with distributions of gametocyte densities in malariatherapy patients. By integrating this model into an individual-based simulation of human populations exposed to endemic P. falciparum transmission, we are able to predict the contributions of different host age groups to the infectious reservoir. Comparison of model predictions with published estimates of this quantity confirms that infected adults hosts are likely to make a significant contribution to the reservoir of transmission, and points to the need for improved population-based estimates of this age-dependence in infectivity of humans in endemic areas.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a west African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 :208–236.
-
2
Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :494–497.
-
3
Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113 :425–431.
-
4
Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177 :1358–1363.
-
5
Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 :160–165.
-
6
Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :271–276.
-
7
Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :781–789.
-
8
Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :472–476.
-
9
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1957. The malarial infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae); a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 :971–979.
-
10
Macdonald G, Cuellar CB, Foll CV, 1968. The dynamics of malaria. Bull World Health Organ 38 :743–755.
-
11
Dietz K, Molineaux L, Thomas A, 1974. A malaria model tested in the African savannah. Bull World Health Organ 50 :347–357.
-
12
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :366–371.
-
13
Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):19–31.
-
14
Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):11–18.
-
15
Eichner M, Diebner HH, Molineaux L, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Dietz K, 2001. Genesis, sequestration and survival of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: parameter estimates from fitting a model to malariatherapy data. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :497–501.
-
16
Jeffery GM, 1956. Blood meal volume in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, A. albimanus and Aedes aegypti. Exp Parasitol 5 :371–375.
-
17
Chege GM, Beier JC, 1998. Blood acquisition and processing by three Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) species with different innate susceptibilities to Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Entomol 35 :319–323.
-
18
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1991. Concentration of human erythrocytes by anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during feeding. J Med Entomol 28 :780–786.
-
19
WinBUGS, 2003. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit.
-
20
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier M, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :355–358.
-
21
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani J, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin B, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 :251–263.
-
22
Bonnet S, Gouagna LC, Paul RE, Safeukui I, Meunier JY, Boudin C, 2003. Estimation of malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in two neighbouring villages in south Cameroon: evaluation and comparison of several indices. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :53–59.
-
23
Smith T, Killeen G, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):1–10.
-
24
Port GR, Boreham PFL, Bryan JH, 1980. The relationship of host size to feeding by mosquitos of the Anopheles gambiae Giles Complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 70 :133–144.
-
25
Carter R, Graves PM, 1988. Gametocytes. Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds. Malaria. Principles and Practice of Malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 253–306.
-
26
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1997. The dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection. J Theor Biol 188 :127–140.
-
27
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1992. Population dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum sporogony in laboratory-infected Anopheles gambiae. J Parasitol 78 :716–724.
-
28
Vaughan JA, Noden BH, Beier JC, 1994. Sporogonic development of cultured Plasmodium falciparum in six species of laboratory-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :233–243.
-
29
Osgood SM, Eisen RJ, Schall JJ, 2002. Gametocyte sex ratio of a malaria parasite: experimental test of heritability. J Parasitol 88 :494–498.
-
30
Paul RE, Coulson TN, Raibaud A, Brey PT, 2000. Sex determination in malaria parasites. Science 287 :128–131.
-
31
Robert V, Sokhna CS, Rogier C, Ariey F, Trape JF, 2003. Sex-ratio of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in inhabitants of Dielmo, Senegal. Parasitology 127 :1–8.
-
32
Noden BH, Beadle PS, Vaughan JA, Pumpini CB, Kent MD, Beier JC, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum: the population structure of mature gametocyte cultures has little effect on their innate fertility. Acta Trop 58 :13–19.
-
33
Ponnudurai T, Meuwissen JT, Leeuwenberg AD, Verhave JP, Lensen AH, 1982. The production of mature gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in continuous cultures of different isolates infective to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :242–250.
-
34
Robert V, Read AF, Essong J, Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Verhave JP, Carnevale P, 1996. Effect of gametocyte sex ratio on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :621–624.
-
35
Boyd MF, Stratham-Thomas WK, Kitchen SF, 1935. On the relative susceptibility of Anopheles quadrimaculatus to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med 15 :485–493.
-
36
Sinden RE, 1991. Asexual blood stages of malaria modulate gametocyte infectivity to the mosquito vector: possible implications and control. Parasitology 103 :191–196.
-
37
Killeen GF, Ross A, Smith T, 2006. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2):38–45.
-
38
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua A, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :243–251.
-
39
Lindsay SW, Snow R, Broomfield GL, Janneh MS, Wirtz RA, Greenwood BM, 1989. Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 3 :263–271.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 239 | 196 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 528 | 21 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 233 | 29 | 5 |