ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1997. Hepatitis C: global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :65–72.
-
2
Davis GL, 2003. Hepatitis C. Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WG, eds. Diseases of the Liver. Ninth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 807–862.
-
3
Zettermen RK, Belle SH, Hoofnagle JH, Lawlor S, Wei Y, Everhart J, Wiesner RN, Lake JR, 1998. Age and liver transplantation: a report of the Liver Transplantation Database. Transplantation 66 :500–506.
-
4
Thomas DL, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Cohn S, Garfein R, Nelson KE, 1995. 2002 Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users. Medicine 74 :212–220.
-
5
Terrault NA, 2002. Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Hepatology 36 :599–105.
-
6
Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, Yawn DH, McAllister HA, Nelson KE, 1992. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C infection. N Engl J Med 327 :369–373.
-
7
Stramer S, Glynn SA, Kleinman SH, Strong DM, Sally C, Wright DJ, Dodd RY, Busch MP, 2004. Detection of HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors by nucleic acid-amplification testing. N Engl J Med 351 :760–768.
-
8
Nantachit N, Robison V, Wongthanee A, Kamtorn N, Suriyanon V, Nelson KE, 2003. Temporal trends in the prevalence of HIV and other transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in northern Thailand, 1990–2001. TRANSFUSION 43 :730–735.
-
9
Songsivilai S, Jinathongthai S, Wongsena W, Tiangpitakorn C, Dharkakul T, 1997. High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :66–69.
-
10
Doonmar S, Pojanagaroon B, Watanabe Y, Tanaka Y, Saito L, Miyamur T, 1990. Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody among healthy blood donors and non-A, non-B hepatitis patients in Thailand. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 43 :29–36.
-
11
Luengrojanakul P, Vareesangthip K, Chainuvati T, Murata K, Tsuda F, Tokita H, Okamoto H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M, 1994. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease or chronic renal failure and blood donor sin Thailand. J Med Virol 44 :287–292.
-
12
Rennard RD, 2001. Opium Reduction in Thailand 1970–2000. United Nations International Drug Control Program. Regional Center for East Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
-
13
Gray J, 1995. Operating needle and syringe exchange programmes in the hills of Thailand. AIDS Care 7 :489–499.
-
14
Nelson KE, Eiumtrakol S, Celentano DD, Beyrer C, Galai N, Kawichai S, Khamboonruang C, 2002. HIV infection in young men in northern Thailand, 1991–1998: increasing role of injection drug use. J AIDS 29 :62–68.
-
15
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, Mock PA, Raktham S, Des Jarlais DC, Sujarita S, Srisuwanvilai LO, Young NL, Wasi C, Subbarao Heyward WL, Esparza L, Choopanya K, 2001. Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS 15 :397–405.
-
16
Sulkowski M, Thomas DL, 2003. Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Ann Intern Med 138 :197–207.
-
17
Nelson KE, Thomas DL, 2001. The reciprocal interaction of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 8 :867–870.
-
18
Razak MH, Jittiwutikarn J, Suriyanon V, Vongchak T, Srirak N, Beyrer C, Kawichai S, Tovanabutra S, Rungruengthanakit K, Sawanpanyalert P, Celentano DD, 2003. HIV prevalence and risks among injection and noninjection drug users in northern Thailand: need for comprehensive HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 33 :259–266.
-
19
Beyrer C, Razak MH, Jittiwutikarn J, Suriyanon V, Vongchak T, Srirak N, Kawichai S, Tovanabutra S, Rungruang Thanakit K, Sawanpanyalert P, Sirpaipan T, Celentano DD, 2004. Meth-amphetamine users in northern Thailand: changing demographics and risks for HIV and STD among treatment-seeking substance users. Int J STD AIDS 15 :697–704.
-
20
Ray S, Arthur RR, Carella A, Bukh J, Thomas DL, 2000. Genetic epidemiology of hepatitis C virus throughout Egypt. J Infect Dis 182 :698–707.
-
21
Luksamijarulkul P, Plucktaweesak S, 1996. High hepatitis C seroprevalence in Thai intravenous drug abuse and qualitative risk analysis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27 :654–658.
-
22
Hansurabhanon T, Jiraphongsa C, Tunsakun P, Sukbunsung R, Bunyamanee B, Kuirat P, Meedsen S, Waedeng W, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, 2002. Infection with hepatitis C virus among intravenous drug users: prevalence, genotypes and risk-factor associated behavior patterns in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasit 96 :615–625.
-
23
Apichartpiyakul C, Chittivudikarn C, Miyajima H, Momma M, Hotta H, 1994. Analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates among healthy blood donor drug addicts in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Clin Microl 32 :2276–2279.
-
24
Apichartpiyakul C, Apichartpiyakul N, Urwijitaroon Y, Gray J, Natpratan C, Katayama Y, Fujii M, Hotta H, 1999. Seroprevalence and subtype distribution of hepatitis C virus among blood donors and intravenous drug users in northern/northeastern Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis 52 :121–123.
-
25
Kao J-H, Chen D-S, 2000. Towards Control of Hepatitis C in the Asia-Pacific Region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15 :E91–E96.
-
26
Strathdee SA, Galai N, Safaiean M, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, 2001. Sex differences in risk factors for HIV sero-conversion among injecting drug users. Arch Intern Med 161 :1281–1288.
-
27
Kral AH, Blumenthal RN, Lorvick J, Gee L, Bacchetti P, Edlin B, 2001. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis. Lancet 357 :1391–1401.
-
28
Thaikruea L, Nelson KE, Thongsawat S, Maneekarn N, Netski D, Thomas DL, 2004. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 44 :1433–1440.
-
29
Filippini P, Coppola N, Scolastico C, Rossi G, Onofrio M, Sagnelli E, Piccinino F, 2001. Does HIV infection favor the sexual transmission of hepatitis C? Sex Trans Dis 28 :725–729.
-
30
Kilmarx PH, Supawitkul S, Wankrairoj M, Uthaivoravit W, Limpakarnjanarat K, Saisorn S, Mastro TD, 2000. Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: the epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988–99. AIDS 14 :2731–2740.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 112 | 85 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 209 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 4 | 1 |
HEPATITIS C INFECTION AMONG DRUG USERS IN NORTHERN THAILAND
JAROON JITTIWUTIKARN
JAROON JITTIWUTIKARN
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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SATAWAT THONGSAWAT
SATAWAT THONGSAWAT
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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VINAI SURIYANON
VINAI SURIYANON
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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NIWAT MANEEKARN
NIWAT MANEEKARN
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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DAVID CELENTANO
DAVID CELENTANO
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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MYAT HTOO RAZAK
MYAT HTOO RAZAK
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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NAMTIP SRIRAK
NAMTIP SRIRAK
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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TASSANAI VONGCHAK
TASSANAI VONGCHAK
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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SURINDA KAWICHAI
SURINDA KAWICHAI
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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DAVID THOMAS
DAVID THOMAS
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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TEERADA SRIPAIPAN
TEERADA SRIPAIPAN
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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DALE NETSKI
DALE NETSKI
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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ASHWIN ANANTHAKRISHNAN
ASHWIN ANANTHAKRISHNAN
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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KENRAD E. NELSON
KENRAD E. NELSON
Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Departments of Medicine, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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Illicit drug users are commonly infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated the prevalence, incidence, and risk behaviors associated with HCV infection in 1,859 drug users in northern Thailand. The HCV prevalence was 27.3%: 86.0% among drug injectors (IDUs) and 5.3% among those who did not inject. Sexual behavior was not significantly associated with HCV among IDUs or drug users who used but didn’t inject illicit drugs; only injection behaviors were independently associated with HCV in multivariate analysis. Among men, a history and increasing frequency of injecting drugs, older age, and a history of incarceration were associated with HCV infection. Among 514 opiate users who were HCV and HIV seronegative at baseline, 41 incident HCV infections and 6 HIV infections occurred on follow-up; the HCV incidence was 5.43/100 person-years; it was 44.3/100 person-years in IDUs and 1.9/100 person-years in non-injectors. HCV and HIV among drug users in Thailand are common and primarily associated with injection behavior.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1997. Hepatitis C: global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :65–72.
-
2
Davis GL, 2003. Hepatitis C. Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WG, eds. Diseases of the Liver. Ninth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 807–862.
-
3
Zettermen RK, Belle SH, Hoofnagle JH, Lawlor S, Wei Y, Everhart J, Wiesner RN, Lake JR, 1998. Age and liver transplantation: a report of the Liver Transplantation Database. Transplantation 66 :500–506.
-
4
Thomas DL, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Cohn S, Garfein R, Nelson KE, 1995. 2002 Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users. Medicine 74 :212–220.
-
5
Terrault NA, 2002. Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Hepatology 36 :599–105.
-
6
Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, Yawn DH, McAllister HA, Nelson KE, 1992. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C infection. N Engl J Med 327 :369–373.
-
7
Stramer S, Glynn SA, Kleinman SH, Strong DM, Sally C, Wright DJ, Dodd RY, Busch MP, 2004. Detection of HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors by nucleic acid-amplification testing. N Engl J Med 351 :760–768.
-
8
Nantachit N, Robison V, Wongthanee A, Kamtorn N, Suriyanon V, Nelson KE, 2003. Temporal trends in the prevalence of HIV and other transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in northern Thailand, 1990–2001. TRANSFUSION 43 :730–735.
-
9
Songsivilai S, Jinathongthai S, Wongsena W, Tiangpitakorn C, Dharkakul T, 1997. High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :66–69.
-
10
Doonmar S, Pojanagaroon B, Watanabe Y, Tanaka Y, Saito L, Miyamur T, 1990. Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody among healthy blood donors and non-A, non-B hepatitis patients in Thailand. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 43 :29–36.
-
11
Luengrojanakul P, Vareesangthip K, Chainuvati T, Murata K, Tsuda F, Tokita H, Okamoto H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M, 1994. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease or chronic renal failure and blood donor sin Thailand. J Med Virol 44 :287–292.
-
12
Rennard RD, 2001. Opium Reduction in Thailand 1970–2000. United Nations International Drug Control Program. Regional Center for East Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
-
13
Gray J, 1995. Operating needle and syringe exchange programmes in the hills of Thailand. AIDS Care 7 :489–499.
-
14
Nelson KE, Eiumtrakol S, Celentano DD, Beyrer C, Galai N, Kawichai S, Khamboonruang C, 2002. HIV infection in young men in northern Thailand, 1991–1998: increasing role of injection drug use. J AIDS 29 :62–68.
-
15
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, Mock PA, Raktham S, Des Jarlais DC, Sujarita S, Srisuwanvilai LO, Young NL, Wasi C, Subbarao Heyward WL, Esparza L, Choopanya K, 2001. Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS 15 :397–405.
-
16
Sulkowski M, Thomas DL, 2003. Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Ann Intern Med 138 :197–207.
-
17
Nelson KE, Thomas DL, 2001. The reciprocal interaction of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 8 :867–870.
-
18
Razak MH, Jittiwutikarn J, Suriyanon V, Vongchak T, Srirak N, Beyrer C, Kawichai S, Tovanabutra S, Rungruengthanakit K, Sawanpanyalert P, Celentano DD, 2003. HIV prevalence and risks among injection and noninjection drug users in northern Thailand: need for comprehensive HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 33 :259–266.
-
19
Beyrer C, Razak MH, Jittiwutikarn J, Suriyanon V, Vongchak T, Srirak N, Kawichai S, Tovanabutra S, Rungruang Thanakit K, Sawanpanyalert P, Sirpaipan T, Celentano DD, 2004. Meth-amphetamine users in northern Thailand: changing demographics and risks for HIV and STD among treatment-seeking substance users. Int J STD AIDS 15 :697–704.
-
20
Ray S, Arthur RR, Carella A, Bukh J, Thomas DL, 2000. Genetic epidemiology of hepatitis C virus throughout Egypt. J Infect Dis 182 :698–707.
-
21
Luksamijarulkul P, Plucktaweesak S, 1996. High hepatitis C seroprevalence in Thai intravenous drug abuse and qualitative risk analysis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27 :654–658.
-
22
Hansurabhanon T, Jiraphongsa C, Tunsakun P, Sukbunsung R, Bunyamanee B, Kuirat P, Meedsen S, Waedeng W, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, 2002. Infection with hepatitis C virus among intravenous drug users: prevalence, genotypes and risk-factor associated behavior patterns in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasit 96 :615–625.
-
23
Apichartpiyakul C, Chittivudikarn C, Miyajima H, Momma M, Hotta H, 1994. Analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates among healthy blood donor drug addicts in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Clin Microl 32 :2276–2279.
-
24
Apichartpiyakul C, Apichartpiyakul N, Urwijitaroon Y, Gray J, Natpratan C, Katayama Y, Fujii M, Hotta H, 1999. Seroprevalence and subtype distribution of hepatitis C virus among blood donors and intravenous drug users in northern/northeastern Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis 52 :121–123.
-
25
Kao J-H, Chen D-S, 2000. Towards Control of Hepatitis C in the Asia-Pacific Region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15 :E91–E96.
-
26
Strathdee SA, Galai N, Safaiean M, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, 2001. Sex differences in risk factors for HIV sero-conversion among injecting drug users. Arch Intern Med 161 :1281–1288.
-
27
Kral AH, Blumenthal RN, Lorvick J, Gee L, Bacchetti P, Edlin B, 2001. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis. Lancet 357 :1391–1401.
-
28
Thaikruea L, Nelson KE, Thongsawat S, Maneekarn N, Netski D, Thomas DL, 2004. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 44 :1433–1440.
-
29
Filippini P, Coppola N, Scolastico C, Rossi G, Onofrio M, Sagnelli E, Piccinino F, 2001. Does HIV infection favor the sexual transmission of hepatitis C? Sex Trans Dis 28 :725–729.
-
30
Kilmarx PH, Supawitkul S, Wankrairoj M, Uthaivoravit W, Limpakarnjanarat K, Saisorn S, Mastro TD, 2000. Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: the epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988–99. AIDS 14 :2731–2740.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 112 | 85 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 209 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 4 | 1 |