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-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Jima D, 2004. The 2003 malaria situation in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Panel Discussion on the 2003 Malaria Epidemics in Ethiopia, May 29, 2004. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Association, 6–19.
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3
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
-
4
Kean BH, 1979. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Africa. JAMA 241 :395.
-
5
Triglia T, Menting JG, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 :13944–13949.
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6
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GA, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 :9109–9113.
-
7
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
-
8
Biswas S, Escalante A, Chaiyaroj S, Angkasekwinai P, Lal AA, 2000. Prevalence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India and Thailand: a molecular epidemiologic study. Trop Med Int Health 5 :737–743.
-
9
Meyer CG, May J, Arez AP, Gil JP, Do RV, 2002. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum: asexual stages. Trop Med Int Health 7 :395–408.
-
10
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
-
11
Berens N, Schwoebel B, Jordan S, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Christophel EM, Phompida S, Jelinek T, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum: correlation of in vivo resistance to chloroquine and antifolates with genetic polymorphisms in isolates from the south of Lao PDR. Trop Med Int Health 8 :775–782.
-
12
Kain KC, Lanar DE, 1991. Determination of genetic variation within Plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified DNA from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1171–1174.
-
13
Rason MA, Ariey F, Rafidimanantsoa L, Andrianantenaina BH, Sahondra Harisoa JL, Randrianarivelojosia M, 2002. Monitoring the drug-sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in coastal towns in Madagascar by use of in vitro chemosensitivity and mutation detection tests. Parasite 9 :247–253.
-
14
D’Alessandro U, 1998. Antimalarial drug resistance: surveillance and molecular methods for national malaria control programmes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :627–630.
-
15
Nzila AM, Mberu EK, Sulo J, Dayo H, Winstanley PA, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :991–996.
-
16
Djimde AA, Dolo A, Ouattara A, Diakite S, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, 2004. Molecular diagnosis of resistance to antimalarial drugs during epidemics and in war zones. J Infect Dis 190 :853–855.
-
17
Amukoye E, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Snow RW, Hatcher J, Mosobo M, Ngumbao E, Lowe B, Ton M, Minyiri G, Marsh K, 1997. Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 :2261–2264.
-
18
Sulo J, Chimpeni P, Hatcher J, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, Molyneux ME, Marsh K, Taylor TE, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, 2002. Chlorproguanil-dapsone versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for sequential episodes of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya and Malawi: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 360 :1136–1143.
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19
Alloueche A, Bailey W, Barton S, Bwika J, Chimpeni P, Falade CO, Fehintola FA, Horton J, Jaffar S, Kanyok T, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Lang T, Missinou MA, Mkandala C, Oduola AM, Premji Z, Robertson L, Sowunmi A, Ward SA, Winstanley PA, 2004. Comparison of chlorproguanil-dapsone with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young African children: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363 :1843–1848.
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20
Kremsner PG, Krishna S, 2004. Antimalarial combinations. Lancet 364 :285–294.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 237 | 216 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 2 | 0 |
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MOLECULAR SURVEILLANCE OF MUTATIONS IN DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE AND DIHYROPTEROATE SYNTHASE GENES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN ETHIOPIA
TAMIRAT GEBRU-WOLDEAREGAI
TAMIRAT GEBRU-WOLDEAREGAI
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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ASRAT HAILU
ASRAT HAILU
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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MARTIN P. GROBUSCH
MARTIN P. GROBUSCH
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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JÜRGEN F. J. KUN
JÜRGEN F. J. KUN
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Point mutations in the genes for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) of Plasmodium falciparum isolates are associated with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) treatment failure, respectively. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of SP resistance in P. falciparum isolates collected at the Jimma Health Center in southwestern Ethiopia. In this study, the genetic profile of P. falciparum isolates with respect to DHFR and DHPS genes was assessed in 124 individuals. The prevalence of single, double, and multiple mutations in these genes was calculated. The sequence profile showed that all samples carried a double mutation at the positions 51 and 108 (I51N108) in the DHFR gene. Sixty-seven (54.03%) of the isolates had an additional third mutation at position 59, resulting in the triple mutant I51R59N108. All isolates carried mutations G437 and E540 in the DHPS gene. Two isolates (1.61%) had additional mutations at codon 581 (A581).
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Jima D, 2004. The 2003 malaria situation in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Panel Discussion on the 2003 Malaria Epidemics in Ethiopia, May 29, 2004. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Association, 6–19.
-
3
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
-
4
Kean BH, 1979. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Africa. JAMA 241 :395.
-
5
Triglia T, Menting JG, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 :13944–13949.
-
6
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GA, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 :9109–9113.
-
7
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
-
8
Biswas S, Escalante A, Chaiyaroj S, Angkasekwinai P, Lal AA, 2000. Prevalence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India and Thailand: a molecular epidemiologic study. Trop Med Int Health 5 :737–743.
-
9
Meyer CG, May J, Arez AP, Gil JP, Do RV, 2002. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum: asexual stages. Trop Med Int Health 7 :395–408.
-
10
Mutabingwa T, Nzila A, Mberu E, Nduati E, Winstanley P, Hills E, Watkins W, 2001. Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 358 :1218–1223.
-
11
Berens N, Schwoebel B, Jordan S, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Christophel EM, Phompida S, Jelinek T, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum: correlation of in vivo resistance to chloroquine and antifolates with genetic polymorphisms in isolates from the south of Lao PDR. Trop Med Int Health 8 :775–782.
-
12
Kain KC, Lanar DE, 1991. Determination of genetic variation within Plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified DNA from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1171–1174.
-
13
Rason MA, Ariey F, Rafidimanantsoa L, Andrianantenaina BH, Sahondra Harisoa JL, Randrianarivelojosia M, 2002. Monitoring the drug-sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in coastal towns in Madagascar by use of in vitro chemosensitivity and mutation detection tests. Parasite 9 :247–253.
-
14
D’Alessandro U, 1998. Antimalarial drug resistance: surveillance and molecular methods for national malaria control programmes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 :627–630.
-
15
Nzila AM, Mberu EK, Sulo J, Dayo H, Winstanley PA, Sibley CH, Watkins WM, 2000. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :991–996.
-
16
Djimde AA, Dolo A, Ouattara A, Diakite S, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, 2004. Molecular diagnosis of resistance to antimalarial drugs during epidemics and in war zones. J Infect Dis 190 :853–855.
-
17
Amukoye E, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Snow RW, Hatcher J, Mosobo M, Ngumbao E, Lowe B, Ton M, Minyiri G, Marsh K, 1997. Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 :2261–2264.
-
18
Sulo J, Chimpeni P, Hatcher J, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, Molyneux ME, Marsh K, Taylor TE, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, 2002. Chlorproguanil-dapsone versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for sequential episodes of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya and Malawi: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 360 :1136–1143.
-
19
Alloueche A, Bailey W, Barton S, Bwika J, Chimpeni P, Falade CO, Fehintola FA, Horton J, Jaffar S, Kanyok T, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Lang T, Missinou MA, Mkandala C, Oduola AM, Premji Z, Robertson L, Sowunmi A, Ward SA, Winstanley PA, 2004. Comparison of chlorproguanil-dapsone with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young African children: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363 :1843–1848.
-
20
Kremsner PG, Krishna S, 2004. Antimalarial combinations. Lancet 364 :285–294.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 237 | 216 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 2 | 0 |