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Reference Manager
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-
1
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
2
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 334 :1807–1814.
-
3
CDC, 2004. West Nile Virus surveillance summary, 1999–2003. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control.htm.
-
4
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 59–88.
-
5
Burke DS, Monath TP, 2001. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Field’s Virology. Fourth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1043–1126.
-
6
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, 2003. Experimental infection of North American Birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
7
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, 2001. The West Nile Virus: its recent emergence in North America. Microb Infect 3 :223–229.
-
8
Malkinson M, Banet C, 2002. The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :309–322.
-
9
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
10
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
11
Xiao S, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile infection in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricerus auratus): a model for West Nile Encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
12
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Ganowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serological evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
13
Hansen F, Jeltsch F, Tackmann K, Staubach C, Thulke H-H, 2004. Processes leading to a spatial aggregation of Echniococcus multilocularis in its natural intermediate host Microtus arvalis. Int J Parasitol 34 :37–44.
-
14
McCallum H, Barlow N, Hone J, 2001. How should pathogen transmission be modeled? Trends Ecol Evol 16 :295–300.
-
15
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP II, Nicholas D, Young D, Maffei J, And Kramer LD, 2002. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile Virus in birds. Emerg Infec Dis 8 :979–982.
-
16
Frazier CL, Shope RE, 1979. Detection of antibodies to alphavi-ruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 10 :583–585.
-
17
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP II, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Kauffman EB, Jones SA, 2001. Partial genetic characterization of West Nile virus strains, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :650–651.
-
18
Hall RA, Broom AK, Hartnett AC, Howard MJ, Mackenzie JS, 1995. Immunodominant epitopes on the NS1 protein of MVE and Kunjin viruses serve as targets for a blocking ELISA to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum. J Vir Meth 51 :201–210.
-
19
Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Calisher CH, Bowen RA, Roehrig JT, Komar N, Langevin SA, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of serum antibodies to West Nile Virus in multiple avian species. J Clin Microbiol 41 :1041–1047.
-
20
Farajollahi A, Gates R, Crans W, Komar N, 2004. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from New Jersey, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :379–383.
-
21
Halls LK, 1984. White-Tailed Deer Ecology and Management. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 870.
-
22
Gill J, McLean R, Shriner R, Johnson R, 1994. Serologic surveillance for the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in Minnesota by using white-tailed deer as sentinel animals. J Clin Microbiol 32 :444–451.
-
23
McLean R, Kirk L, Shriner R, Cook P, Myers E, Gill J, Campos E, 1996. The role of deer as a possible reservoir host of Potosi virus, a newly recognized arbovirus in the United States. J Wildl Dis 32 :444–452.
-
24
Emmons RW, 1968. Serologic survey of a deer herd in California for arbovirus infections. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 3 :78–80.
-
25
Casals J, 1973. Arbovirus infections. Paul JR, White C, eds. Serological Epidemiology. New York: Academic Press, 99–177.
-
26
Whitney E, Roz AP, Rayner GA, Deibel R, 1969. Serologic survey for Arbovirus activity in deer sera from nine counties in New York State. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 5 :392–397.
-
27
Telford III Sr, Armstrong PM, Katavolos P, Foppa I, Olmeda-Garcia AS, Wilson ML, Spielman A, 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :165–170.
-
28
Ebel GD, Foppa I, Spielman A, Telford SR, 1999. A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the North central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :570–574.
-
29
Heinz FX, Collet MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Theil HJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Van Regenmortel MH, Fauquet CM, Bishop CM, Carsten DHL, Estes E, Lemon MK, Maniloff S, Mayo J, McGeoch MA, Pringle D, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press, 859–878.
-
30
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile Virus in a New York city captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 226 | 208 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 249 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 2 | 0 |
WEST NILE VIRUS SEROSURVEILLANCE IN IOWA WHITE-TAILED DEER (1999–2003)
JULIAN SANTAELLA
JULIAN SANTAELLA
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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ROBERT MCLEAN
ROBERT MCLEAN
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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JEFFREY S. HALL
JEFFREY S. HALL
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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JAMES S. GILL
JAMES S. GILL
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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RICHARD A. BOWEN
RICHARD A. BOWEN
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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HARLO H. HADOW
HARLO H. HADOW
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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LARRY CLARK
LARRY CLARK
United State Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, and University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Biology Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
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Sera from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected in Iowa during the winter months (1999–2003), 2 years before and after West Nile virus (WNV) was first reported in Iowa (2001), and were analyzed for antibodies to WNV. Samples from 1999 to 2001 were antibody negative by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90). Prevalence derived from bELISA (2002, 12.7%; 2003, 11.2%) and WNV PRNT90 (2002, 7.9%; 2003, 8.5%) assays were similar. All samples were negative for antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis virus as determined by PRNT90. Antibodies to flaviviruses were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) prior to the first WNV cases reported in Iowa (1999–2001) with prevalence ranging from 2.2% to 3.2%, suggesting the circulation of an additional undescribed flavivirus prior to the introduction of WNV into the area. Flavivirus prevalence as determined by iELISA increased in 2002 and 2003 (23.3% and 31.9%, respectively). The increase in prevalence exceeded estimates of WNV prevalence, suggesting that conditions favored general flavivirus transmission (including WNV) during the 2002–2003 epizootic. These data indicate that serologic analysis of deer sera collected from hunter harvests may prove useful for surveillance and evidence of local transmission of WNV and other pathogens and identify white-tailed deer as a species for further studies for host competency.
Author Notes
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-
1
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
2
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 334 :1807–1814.
-
3
CDC, 2004. West Nile Virus surveillance summary, 1999–2003. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control.htm.
-
4
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 59–88.
-
5
Burke DS, Monath TP, 2001. Flaviviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Field’s Virology. Fourth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1043–1126.
-
6
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, 2003. Experimental infection of North American Birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
-
7
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, 2001. The West Nile Virus: its recent emergence in North America. Microb Infect 3 :223–229.
-
8
Malkinson M, Banet C, 2002. The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :309–322.
-
9
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
10
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
11
Xiao S, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile infection in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricerus auratus): a model for West Nile Encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
12
Root JJ, Hall JS, McLean RG, Marlenee NL, Beaty BJ, Ganowski J, Clark L, 2005. Serological evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :622–630.
-
13
Hansen F, Jeltsch F, Tackmann K, Staubach C, Thulke H-H, 2004. Processes leading to a spatial aggregation of Echniococcus multilocularis in its natural intermediate host Microtus arvalis. Int J Parasitol 34 :37–44.
-
14
McCallum H, Barlow N, Hone J, 2001. How should pathogen transmission be modeled? Trends Ecol Evol 16 :295–300.
-
15
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP II, Nicholas D, Young D, Maffei J, And Kramer LD, 2002. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile Virus in birds. Emerg Infec Dis 8 :979–982.
-
16
Frazier CL, Shope RE, 1979. Detection of antibodies to alphavi-ruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 10 :583–585.
-
17
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP II, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Kauffman EB, Jones SA, 2001. Partial genetic characterization of West Nile virus strains, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :650–651.
-
18
Hall RA, Broom AK, Hartnett AC, Howard MJ, Mackenzie JS, 1995. Immunodominant epitopes on the NS1 protein of MVE and Kunjin viruses serve as targets for a blocking ELISA to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum. J Vir Meth 51 :201–210.
-
19
Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Calisher CH, Bowen RA, Roehrig JT, Komar N, Langevin SA, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of serum antibodies to West Nile Virus in multiple avian species. J Clin Microbiol 41 :1041–1047.
-
20
Farajollahi A, Gates R, Crans W, Komar N, 2004. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections in White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from New Jersey, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :379–383.
-
21
Halls LK, 1984. White-Tailed Deer Ecology and Management. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 870.
-
22
Gill J, McLean R, Shriner R, Johnson R, 1994. Serologic surveillance for the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in Minnesota by using white-tailed deer as sentinel animals. J Clin Microbiol 32 :444–451.
-
23
McLean R, Kirk L, Shriner R, Cook P, Myers E, Gill J, Campos E, 1996. The role of deer as a possible reservoir host of Potosi virus, a newly recognized arbovirus in the United States. J Wildl Dis 32 :444–452.
-
24
Emmons RW, 1968. Serologic survey of a deer herd in California for arbovirus infections. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 3 :78–80.
-
25
Casals J, 1973. Arbovirus infections. Paul JR, White C, eds. Serological Epidemiology. New York: Academic Press, 99–177.
-
26
Whitney E, Roz AP, Rayner GA, Deibel R, 1969. Serologic survey for Arbovirus activity in deer sera from nine counties in New York State. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 5 :392–397.
-
27
Telford III Sr, Armstrong PM, Katavolos P, Foppa I, Olmeda-Garcia AS, Wilson ML, Spielman A, 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :165–170.
-
28
Ebel GD, Foppa I, Spielman A, Telford SR, 1999. A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the North central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :570–574.
-
29
Heinz FX, Collet MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Theil HJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Van Regenmortel MH, Fauquet CM, Bishop CM, Carsten DHL, Estes E, Lemon MK, Maniloff S, Mayo J, McGeoch MA, Pringle D, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press, 859–878.
-
30
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile Virus in a New York city captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 226 | 208 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 249 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 2 | 0 |